Table 3.
Differences among groups of variables according to the cognitive function and frailty status.
| Variables | No MCI and No Pre-Frailty (n = 79) | No MCI and Pre-Frailty (n = 76) | MCI and No Pre-Frailty (n = 24) | MCI and Pre-Frailty (n = 52) | ANOVA p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 77.1 ± 3.7 | 76.5 ± 3.2 | 77.3 ± 3.4 | 76.6 ± 3.7 | 0.543 |
| High, cm | 155.2 ± 6.0 | 156.3 ± 7.3 | 153.4 ± 5.3 | 156.0 ± 7.7 | 0.273 |
| Weight, kg | 57.9 ± 7.5 | 60.4 ± 9.4 | 59.8 ± 8.8 | 62.6 ± 8.9 # | 0.023 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 24.0 ± 2.9 | 24.7 ± 3.1 | 25.4 ± 3.4 | 25.7 ± 3.1 # | 0.015 |
| Percent body fat mass, % | 37.5 ± 7.9 | 36.0 ± 7.7 | 40.0 ± 6.6 | 39.3 ± 7.3 | 0.039 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 90.9 ± 8.7 | 92.5 ± 7.8 | 93.4 ± 8.3 | 94.9 ± 7.9 | 0.056 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 135.0 ± 13.1 | 137.0 ± 13.3 | 132.5 ± 12.0 | 140.5 ± 12.4 | 0.040 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 73.7 ± 7.6 | 74.3 ± 8.7 | 72.5 ± 7.8 | 76.0 ± 9.2 | 0.304 |
| Grip strength, kg | 23.4 ± 5.4 | 21.4 ± 5.7 | 23.4 ± 5.6 | 20.5 ± 4.8 # | 0.009 |
| Time up and go, s | 7.1 ± 1.2 | 7.4 ± 1.4 | 6.8 ± 1.4 | 7.8 ± 1.6 # | 0.011 |
| Walking speed, m/s | 1.26 ± 0.2 | 1.19 ± 0.3 | 1.34 ± 0.3 † | 1.15 ± 0.2 #,‡ | 0.001 |
| Walking distance, m/6 min | 387.9 ± 53.5 | 378.1 ± 45.5 | 371.1 ± 48.9 | 355.7 ± 52.3 # | 0.005 |
| Physical active, kcal/week | 1036.7 ± 684.2 | 664.7 ± 733.1 # | 923.0 ± 366.5 † | 519.4 ± 458.7 #,‡ | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 182.2 ± 28.5 | 184.0 ± 29.1 | 178.2 ± 26.4 | 192.8 ± 34.0 | 0.135 |
| Triglyceride, mg/dL | 124.0 ± 41.2 | 130.5 ± 45.9 | 120.7 ± 51.8 | 139.4 ± 61.3 | 0.271 |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 101.3 ± 27.8 | 105.7 ± 28.1 | 99.8 ± 25.2 | 112.8 ± 30.9 | 0.107 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 56.1 ± 13.1 | 52.3 ± 13.2 | 54.3 ± 13.0 | 52.1 ± 11.6 | 0.213 |
| Glucose, mg/dL | 95.6 ± 13.6 | 98.3 ± 15.2 | 99.5 ± 17.1 | 98.4 ± 12.7 | 0.519 |
| Insulin, μU/mL | 7.6 ± 4.0 | 7.2 ± 4.2 | 7.9 ± 5.0 | 8.4 ± 5.2 | 0.493 |
| hs-CRP, mg/L | 0.62 ± 0.6 | 0.54 ± 0.6 | 0.49 ± 0.7 | 0.73 ± 0.7 | 0.270 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.80 ± 1.0 | 1.77 ± 1.2 | 2.06 ± 1.2 | 2.04 ± 1.3 | 0.471 |
| K-MMSE | 26.7 ± 2.0 | 26.3 ± 1.8 | 22.1 ± 1.2 #,† | 20.8 ± 2.2 #,†,‡ | <0.001 |
| CIMTmax, mm | 0.82 ± 0.2 | 0.92 ± 0.2 # | 0.96 ± 0.1 # | 1.04 ± 0.3 #,† | <0.001 |
| CIMTmean, mm | 0.74 ± 0.2 | 0.84 ± 0.2 # | 0.86 ± 0.1 # | 0.92 ± 0.3 # | 0.003 |
| CIMTmin, mm | 0.66 ± 0.2 | 0.76 ± 0.2 # | 0.78 ± 0.2 # | 0.79 ± 0.2 # | 0.002 |
| CLDmax, cm | 0.65 ± 0.1 | 0.67 ± 0.1 | 0.66 ± 0.1 | 0.68 ± 0.1 | 0.364 |
| CLDmin, cm | 0.61 ± 0.1 | 0.63 ± 0.1 | 0.62 ± 0.1 | 0.64 ± 0.1 | 0.391 |
Values are means ± standard deviation; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; LDL, low density lipoprotein; HDL, high density lipoprotein; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance; K-MMSE, Korean version of the mini-mental state examination; CIMT, carotid artery intima-media thickness; CLD, carotid artery luminal diameter; # difference vs. no mild cognitive impairment and no pre-frailty group; † difference vs. no mild cognitive impairment and pre-frailty group; ‡ difference vs. mild cognitive impairment and no pre-frailty group.