Table 1.

Brief review of recent studies on the complications and management of ICD implementation in patients with ESRD.

Complication	Prevention/Management	Author	Journal and Year of Publication
Lead dislodgment	Pouch re-opening and lead reposition in early dislodgment New lead implementation after lead extraction in late dislodgment	Arijit Dasgupta et al. [28]	American Journal of Kidney Diseases (2007)
Implantation site hematoma	Withholding or reversing antiplatelet and anticoagulation medications in patients with low risk for thromboembolic events applying absorbable collagen hemostats, thrombin patches, gelatin foams, and pressure dressings to incision sites	Christine Tompkins et al. [20]	Cardiovascular Electrophysiology (2011)
Central vein stenosis	Left subclavian or cephalic vein approach Percutaneous balloon angioplasty Removal of CIED leads with stent insertion Stenting the SVC over the CIED leads	Theodore F. Saad et al. [29]	Seminars in Dialysis (2012)
CIED infections	Epicardial CIED leads re-establishment of the AV access and removal of the venous catheter. Wearable defibrillators Avoiding the combination of long-term venous hemodialysis catheters and CIEDs	Theodore F. Saad et al. [29]	Seminars in Dialysis (2012)
Central vein stenosis	Epicardial CIED leads Use of subcutaneous ICDs if possible	Arif Asif et al. [42]	Seminars in Dialysis (2012)
CIED infections	Subcutaneous ICDs Epicardial CIED leads No entrapment of a lead by a bare-metal stent or stent graft Percutaneous lead extraction Peritoneal dialysis	Arif Asif et al. [42]	Seminars in Dialysis (2012)
CIED infections	Complete lead displacement Medical therapy in bacteremia	Avirup Guha, et al. [40]	Heart Rhythm (2015)
Central vein stenosis	Subcutaneous ICDs PTA and stent placement	Rajiv K. Dhamija et al. [47]	American Journal of Kidney Diseases (2015)

ESRD, End-stage Renal Disease: CIED, Cardiac implantable electronic device; ICD, Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; PTA, Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty.