ATF7ip is required for in vitro Th17 differentiation. (A) Relative expression of Atf7ip mRNA in tissues and immune cells downloaded from the BioGPS expression database. Red bars highlight hematopoietic cells or T cells. (B–D) Relative expression of Atf7ip mRNA in mouse tissues (B), CD4+ T cell subsets (C), or naive CD4+ T cells (D) stimulated with either anti-CD3 (2 µg) or both anti-CD3 (2 µg) and anti-CD28 (2 µg) for the indicated times. (E–H) Naive T cells from CD4-Cre/Atf7ip+/fl (Atf7ip+/fl) and CD4-Cre/Atf7ipfl/fl (Atf7ipfl/fl) mice were in vitro differentiated under Th17 (E), Th1 (F), iT reg cell (G), or Th2 (H) conditions and analyzed for intracellular cytokine or Foxp3 expression. (I) Rorγt protein expression under Th17 conditions. A histogram of Rorγt expression under Th0 conditions is included for reference. Each data point in D–H represents an individual mouse with three mice per genotype. Data are representative of five (E) or two (B–D and F–I) independent experiments. Error bars in B and C show mean with SEM of technical replicates. Error bars (D–H) show mean with SD. **, P < 0.01 by Student’s t test.