TABLE 4.

Combination types between levels of variables in the Theory of Self- vs. Externally-Regulated Learning.

Type	Presage	Process (deployment of teaching)	Process (deployment of learning)	Product
Pintrich’s journey metaphor	Driver	Road	Driving conduct	Positive vs. negative emotions	Success vs. accident
Level	Personal self-regulation (SR) (student)	Regulatory teaching (RT) (context)	Self-regulated Learning (SRL) (student)	Achievement emotions (student)	Achievement behavior/cognitive (student)
4	High ⇒ low stress	High ⇒ low stress	High ⇒ deep approach Low ⇒ surface approach	High ⇒ + emotions Low ⇒ − emotions	High ⇒ academic achievement
3	High ⇒ low/medium stress	Low ⇒ medium/low stress	Medium/high ⇒ deep approach Medium/low ⇒ surface approach	Medium/high ⇒ + emotions Medium/low ⇒ − emotions	Medium/high ⇒ academic achievement
2	Low ⇒ medium/high stress	High ⇒ medium/high stress	Medium/low ⇒ deep approach High/medium > Surface approach	Moderate/Low ⇒ + emotions Moderate/High ⇒ − emotions	Moderate/low ⇒ academic achievement
1	Low ⇒ high stress	Low ⇒ high stress	Low ⇒ deep approach High ⇒ surface approach	Low ⇒ + emotions High ⇒ − emotions	Low ⇒ academic achievement