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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Sep 3.
Published in final edited form as: Am J Manag Care. 2017 May 1;23(5):e164–e171.

Table 5.

Abuse and Overdose Rate with 95% Confidence Interval by Prior Authorization Adjusted Rate Ratio for All Covariates and Offset by Log Length of Episode (Day) a, b

Indicator ARR b (95% CI)

Abuse
 High PA 2.49 (2.35–2.62)
 Low PA 2.58 (2.40–2.76)
 No PA 2.76 (2.67–2.89)
Overdose
 High PA 0.21 (0.17–0.25)
 Low PA 0.17 (0.14–0.22)
 No PA 0.23 (0.20–0.27)
a

Average number of follow-up days for subjects=452.1 (SD=299.2). ARR=Adjusted Rate Ratio.

b

Analyses conducted at the episode-level.