TABLE 1.
Participant characteristics.
|
Variable |
Group |
ANCOVA |
Pairwise comparisons |
Covariate |
||||||||
|
(1) Early starter |
(2) Late starter |
(3) Controls |
1 vs. 2 | 1 vs. 3 | 2 vs. 3 | Gender | Age | |||||
| Sex (n) | M (48) | F (6) | M (63) | F (33) | M (29) | F (30) | ||||||
| Adulthood training years | 52.3 ± 6.0 | 47.6 ± 4.2 | 18.4 ± 5.1 | 19.4 ± 5.2 | N/A | N/A | >0.0005 | >0.0005 | >0.0005 | >0.0005 | F(1,184) = 0.007, p = 0.934 | F(1,184) = 286, p < 0.0005 |
| 95% CI | 50.7–53.9 | 43.7–53.2 | 17.1–19.7 | 17.2–20.9 | ||||||||
| Age (years)a | 71.3 ± 5.8 | 66.4 ± 3.0 | 68.8 ± 5.5 | 69.6 ± 5.1 | 74.1 ± 5.7 | 73.3 ± 4.5 | >0.0005 | 0.095 | 0.004 | >0.0005 | F(2,242) = 15.8, p < 0.0005 | n/a |
| 95% CI | 70.1–73.2 | 62.9–71.6 | 67.4–70.1 | 67.7–71.2 | 71.9–76.2 | 71.6–74.9 | ||||||
| Height (cm) | 171.2 ± 5.6 | 164.2 ± 4.5 | 174.0 ± 6.3 | 161.6 ± 6.9 | 172.0 ± 8.7 | 160.3 ± 5.1 | 0.411 | – | – | – | F(1,242) = 0.142, p = 0.706 | (1,242) = 0.455, p = 0.500 |
| 95% CI | 169.9–173.0 | 158.4–167.0 | 172.7–175.6 | 159.5–164.2 | 168.6–175.3 | 158.4–162.3 | ||||||
| Body mass (kg) | 68.3 ± 8.7 | 55.4 ± 4.7 | 67.5 ± 6.8 | 56.1 ± 7.8 | 80.2 ± 16.2 | 63.1 ± 11.5 | >0.0005 | 0.823 | >0.0005 | >0.0005 | F(1,242) = 84.132, p < 0.0005 | F(1,242) = 0.423, p = 0.516 |
| 95% CI | 67.2–72.4 | 52.2–60.2 | 66.8–70.3 | 54.3–59.7 | 74.1–86.4 | 58.8–67.4 | ||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.7 ± 4.3 | 20.5 ± 1.9 | 22.3 ± 1.9 | 21.6 ± 2.1 | 27.1 ± 4.7 | 24.5 ± 4.2 | >0.0005 | 0.864 | >0.0005 | >0.0005 | F(1,242) = 7.151, p = 0.008 | F(1,242) = 0.080, p = 0.778 |
| 95% CI | 22.1–24.5 | 20.0–22.4 | 22.1–23.1 | 21.1–22.6 | 25.3–28.8 | 23.0–26.1 | ||||||
| Accelerometry low impact (0.5–1 g) countsb | 33529 (21051–46725) | 55066 (35520–64137) | 44404 (32394–57262) | 35637 (23960–52961) | 0.089 | 0.089 | – | – | – | F(1,175) = 1.48, p = 0.226 | ||
| 95% CI | 28539–40384 | 19985–56368 | 39101–50240 | 32315–46670 | ||||||||
| Accelerometry medium impact (1–1.5 g) countsb | 27565 (10700–50689) | 29465 (23566–59147) | 34901 (23648–49685) | 29868 (20319–40853) | 0.80 | 0.799 | – | – | – | F(1,175) = 0.717, p = 0.398 | ||
| 95% CI | 20501–36133 | 9973–42399 | 28665–39081 | 24249–40448 | ||||||||
| Accelerometry (counts) high impact (>1.5 g) countsb | 172 (9–1214) | 89.6 (50–1572) | 221 (32–932) | 119 (10–745) | 0.35 | 0.352 | – | – | – | F(1,175) = 0.035, p = 0.851 | ||
| 95% CI | 386–1217 | −269.1–1511 | 549–3070 | −842–5272 | ||||||||
| Age graded performance (%) | 74.5 ± 1.6 | 84.3 ± 2.2 | 77.8 ± 1.3 | 79.8 ± 1.9 | 0.29 | 0.294 | – | – | – | F(1,174) = 4.137, p = 0.043 | ||
| 95% CI | 72.2–78.3 | 83.3–92.6 | 76.1–81.8 | 76.5–83.8 | ||||||||
Data are mean ± SD. Age and sex were included as covariates, except where indicated by awhere sex was the only covariate. bData are presented as median (25th/75th) quartiles. 95% Confidence intervals (95%CI). Bold text is used to highlight statistically significant difference (p < 0.05).