Table 4.

Main biological activities reported in C. coccineum extracts.

Biological Activity	The Parts of the Plant Used and Mode of Administration	Type of Study	Origin of the Plant	Ref.
(a) Antioxidant	Aerial part (ethanol extract)	in vitro	Algeria	[27]
	Whole plant (polar and non-polar extract)	in vitro	Saudi Arabia	[5]
	External layer (water extract)	in vitro	Italy (Sardinia)	[7]
	Aerial part (increasing polarity solvents extract)	in vitro	Italy; Tunisia	[33]
(b) Antimicrobial	Whole plant (methanol extract; fixed oil)	in vitro	Italy (Sardinia)	[50]
	Whole plant (nanoparticles preparation)	in vitro	Italy (Sardinia)	[51]
	Whole plant (water extract)	in vitro	Italy (Sardinia)	[28]
(c) Anti-tyrosinase	Whole plant	in vitro	Italy (Sardinia)	[28]
(d) Spermatogenesis and sperm motility	Inner pulp of the plant (water extract)	in vivo	Saudi Arabia	[4]
(d) Ovarian increase and folliculogenesis	Whole plant (water extract)	in vivo	Saudi Arabia	[6]
(e) Testicular development and spermatogenesis	Whole plant (water extract through a stomach tube)	in vivo	Saudi Arabia	[52]
(f) Pro-erectile	Aerial part (water extract subcutaneously)	in vivo	Italy (Sardinia)	[28]
(g) Inhibitory effect on the growth of colon cancer Caco-2 cells	Aerial plant (CO2 SFE)	in vitro	Italy (Sardinia)	[34]
(h) Inhibitory effect on the growth of B16F10 cells	Aerial part	in vitro	Italy (Sardinia)	[28]
(i) Anticancer	Whole plant fixed oil)	in vitro	Italy (Sardinia)	[37]
	Aerial part (water extract by peritoneal injection)	in vivo	Tunisia (Bizerte)	[53]
(l) Anti-tyrosinase	Whole plant	in vitro	Italy (Sardinia)	[28]
(m) Cardioprotective	Aerial part (methanol extract by oral administration)	in vivo	Saudi Arabia	[54]
(n) Blood pressure	Whole plant (fresh juice by oral administration)	in vivo	Iran	[55]