Table 1.
Content of phenolic compounds (mg/100 g dm) in 16 selected edible flowers.
| Kind of Edible Flowers Scientific Name (Common Name) |
Family | Anthocyanins | Phenolic Acids | Flavonols | Flavan-3-ols (Monomers & Dimers) |
Polymeric Procyanidins | Total Polyphenols |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) | Adoxaceae | nd | 78.00 ± 3.12 e | 43.37 ± 0.05 h | 188.04 ± 3.49 l | 63.05 ± 1.55 h | 372.47 ± 8.21 k |
| Arnica (Arnica L.) | Asteraceae | nd | 214.86 ± 7.73 c | 65.29 ± 3.14 f | 1397.16 ± 31.07 b | 22.35 ± 0.35 i | 1699.65 ± 42.29 e |
| Chamomile (Matricaria L.) | Asteraceae | nd | 189.82 ± 10.68 c | 112.69 ± 9.17 d | 405.50 ± 16.69 h | 21.16 ± 2.33 i | 729.17 ± 38.87 j |
| Cornflower (Centaurea cyanus L.) | Asteraceae | 1.68 ǂ ± 0.00 e | 47.85 ± 1.06 f | 22.03 ± 0.32 i | 131.56 ± 3.09 m | 81.16 ± 3.88 g | 284.27 ± 8.35 l |
| Daisy (Bellis perennis L.) | Asteraceae | nd | 350.40 ± 9.47 a | 74.81 ± 3.50 e | 773.66 ± 5.85 e | 200.32 ± 8.45 f | 1399.19 ± 27.27 f |
| Marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) | Asteraceae | nd | 14.90 ± 0.32 h | 336.66 ± 14.33 b | 1794.54 ± 15.05 a | nd | 2146.10 ± 29.70 d |
| Acacia (Acacia Mill.) | Fabaceae | nd | 35.12 ± 2.04 g | 330.18 ± 17.49 b | 427.97 ± 5.11 h | 446.91 ± 34.00 e | 1240.19 ± 58.64 g |
| Kidney vetch (Anthyllis vulneraria L.) | Fabaceae | nd | 1.47 ± 0.02 k | 51.87 ± 3.00 g | 202.21 ± 5.55 k | 2690.15 ± 15.77 c | 2945.70 ± 24.34 c |
| Lavender (Lavandula L.) | Lamiaceae | 8.37 ± 0.19 d | 201.11 ± 8.29 c | 18.68 ± 1.08 i | 989.37 ± 11.54 c | nd | 1217.53 ± 21.10 g |
| White dead-nettle (Lamium album L.) | Lamiaceae | 247.56 ± 5.13 b | 151.54 ± 5.55 d | 47.20 ± 1.60 g | 542.59 ± 14.67 g | nd | 988.88 ± 26.95 h |
| Black hollyhock (Malvae arboreae L.) | Malvaceae | 286.14 ± 7.02 a | 45.91 ± 2.06 f | 131.78 ± 16.66 d | 544.40 ± 6.04 g | nd | 1008.23 ± 31.78 h |
| Linden blossom (Tilia cordata Mill.) | Malvaceae | nd | 3.66 ± 0.08 j | 10.76 ± 0.48 j | 275.83 ± 1.01 j | 4211.73 ± 81.88 b | 4501.98 ± 83.45 b |
| Mallow (Malva L.) | Malvaceae | 13.38 ± 0.21 c | 161.53 ± 8.60 d | 72.00 ± 2.44 e | 654.73 ± 12.00 f | nd | 901.65 ± 23.25 i |
| Primrose (Primula L.) | Primulaceae | nd | 9.00 ± 0.06 i | 849.96 ± 12.06 a | 927.16 ± 18.21 d | 2537.69 ± 78.19 d | 4323.80 ± 108.52 b |
| Hawthorn (Crataegus L.) | Rosaceae | nd | 245.53 ± 11.94 b | 193.71 ± 6.05 c | 1384.45 ± 20.11 b | 5284.04 ± 62.01 a | 7107.73 ± 100.11 a |
| Mullein (Verbascum L.) | Scrophulariaceae | 0.74 ± 0.03 f | 31.71 ± 2.40 g | 20.16 ± 2.96 i | 293.14 ± 4.93 i | nd | 355.76 ± 10.32 k |
nd—not detected; ǂ values are means of three repetitions; mean values followed by different letters (a–l) are statistically different at p < 0.05.