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. 2019 Aug 16;20(16):4005. doi: 10.3390/ijms20164005

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Transcriptional regulation of GRINA and its role in cell survival. (1) Upon ER stress the unfolded protein response is triggered. (2) The activated PERK arm allows the synthesis of the transcription factor ATF4, (3) which now can enter the nucleus and promote the transcription of GRINA. (4) Also, the vitamin D-VDR complex has been shown to enhance the expression of GRINA. (5) As a result, GRINA is synthesized (6) and able to interact with TMBIM6 to synergistically inhibit the release of Ca²⁺ by inositol triphosphate receptors (IP₃Rs) towards the cytosol, thus suppressing the intrinsic apoptosis pathway.