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(a). Typical anodic titanium oxide (ATO) nanotube arrays from Ref. [3], 2008 Wiley-VCH; (b). Pd quantum dots deposited on ATO arrays from Ref. [64], 2012 American Chemical Society; (c) SEM image of Ta3N5 nanotube arrays from Ref. [13], 2015 ELSEVIER; (d) SEM image of blackened Nb2O5 nanochannels from Ref. [54], 2015 Royal Society of Chemistry.
