Table 2.
Pre- and post-walk mean scores, and post-walk contrasts between-treatment conditions for psychological and cognitive outcome measures by green and suburban conditions (n = 23).
| Outcome Measures | Green | Suburban | Between Condition Contrast | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-Walk | Post-Walk | Pre-Walk | Post-Walk | ||
| mean ± SE | mean ± SE | mean (95% CI) | |||
| STAI-S a | 30.0 ± 1.4 | 28.2 ± 1.6 | 29.5 ± 1.4 | 30.6 ± 1.6 | −2.5 (−4.5, −0.5) |
| PANAS b | |||||
| Positive Affect | 35.3 ± 1.5 | 37.6 ± 1.6 * | 35.9 ± 1.5 | 35.6 ± 1.5 | 2.0 (0.2, 3.9) |
| Negative Affect | 11.5 ± 0.6 | 11.0 ± 0.4 † | 11.7 ± 0.6 | 11.7 ± 0.4 | −0.7 (−1.4, 0.04) |
| BDS c | 6.5 ± 0.4 | 6.4 ± 0.4 | 6.6 ± 0.4 | 6.5 ± 0.4 | −0.1 (−0.8, 0.5) |
Notes. a STAI-S (anxiety): range 10–40, higher scores = greater anxiety; b PANAS (Positive Affect and Negative Affect): range 10–50, higher scores on positive and negative affect = higher positive or negative emotional states, respectively; c BDS (directed-attention): range 0–14, higher scores = higher directed-attention; within-condition, pre- to post-walk mean score changes: * p = 0.003, † p = 0.04.