Figure 12.

Conductive hydrogel as self-adhesive electrode biosensors. (A1) The hydrogel self-adhered to human arm skin and detected the electromyographic signals. (A2) Comparisons of electromyography recorded by hydrogel electrodes and commercial electrodes after ten cycles of usage (adhere-strip). (B) The schematic diagram of the chemical structure of conductive hydrogels. (C) Three hydrogel electrodes were implanted onto the dorsal muscle, and the wires from the electrodes were transcutaneously connected to the signal detector. (D) Example of electromyography recorded by the implanted hydrogel electrode biosensors from the muscle when the target rabbit was exposed to external stimuli (the animal experiments were performed in accordance with protocols approved by the local ethical committee and laboratory animal administration rules of China). Reprinted with permission [37]. © 2016, Wiley-VCH (Weinheim, Germany).