Table 2.
Descriptive statistics for each group, and test-statistics for group comparisons. Group differences are indicated in superscript (e.g. A, B, C,), groups sharing the same letter do not differ.
| Control |
Trauma |
PTSD |
Depression |
Insomnia |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 80) |
(n = 77) |
(n = 57) |
(n = 29) |
(n = 42) |
Group DIFF |
|
| M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | F/H | |
| MOOD AND ANXIETY | ||||||
| BDI | 3.82 (4.63)B | 5.29 (4.77)B | 23.32 (8.76)A | 21.48 (7.94)A | 6.78 (4.85)B | H = 148.08*** |
| GAD-7 | 2.78 (3.22)C | 2.05 (1.81)C | 12.50 (5.63)A | 10.48 (4.81)A | 5.59 (3.96)B | H = 59.00*** |
| PDS (n = 152) | 6.75 (5.66)C | 35.24 (10.88)A | 16.09 (7.66)B | 10.71 (6.52)B,C | H = 131.24*** | |
| SLEEP | ||||||
| PSQI global score | 3.82 (1.79)C | 4.78 (2.82)C | 10.77 (3.27)A | 8.14 (3.23)B | 7.78 (2.74)B | F = 66.75*** |
| Component 2 (SOL) | 16.07 (11.17)B | 20.89 (20.41)B | 60.96 (64.42)A | 38.90 (28.32)A | 40.76 (28.52)A | F = 22.16*** |
| PSQI (Addendum for PTSD) | 1.84 (2.08)C | 2.71 (2.13)C | 7.77 (3.92)A | 4.72 (3.26)B | 3.83 (3.51)B | H = 94.39*** |
| PRE-SLEEP AROUSAL | ||||||
| PSAS-cog | 13.45 (4.99)C | 14.35 (5.11)C | 25.43 (8.02)A | 20.55 (6.70)A,B | 19.30 (7.10)B | H = 92.73*** |
| PSAS-som | 9.29 (1.89)C | 9.85 (2.62)C | 17.19 (7.51)A | 12.76 (4.99)A,B | 10.70 (3.25)B,C | H = 67.38*** |
| PRE-SLEEP THOUGHTS | ||||||
| Trauma-related (TTSI) | 0.98 (1.80)C | 1.30 (2.00)C | 9.70 (6.85)A | 4.28 (3.83)B | 2.53 (2.78)B,C | H = 112.47*** |
| GCTI (total score) | 37.02 (9.51)B | 38.32 (9.18)B | 58.55 (16.74)A | 51.48 (15.06)A | 47.95 (12.52)A | H = 84.22*** |
BDI = Beck Depression Inventory; GAD-7 = Generalised Anxiety Disorder Scale; PDS = Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale; PSQI = Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; SOL = Sleep onset latency; PSAS-cog = Pre-sleep arousal scale, cognitive subscale; PSAS-som = Pre-sleep arousal scale somatic sub-scale; TTSI = Trauma Thoughts before Sleep Inventory; GCTI = Glasgow Content of Thought Inventory. PDS is for trauma survivors only (n = 152). Significance level of group difference indicated by: * p < .05; ** p < .01, *** p < .001.