Table 2.

The prevalence of MetS according to demographic and socioeconomic status, health behaviors, and periodontitis in total and by sex.

Variables	n	Total		Males (3860)		Females (4454)
		%	p-Value *	%	p-Value *	%	p-Value *
All	8314	32.2	<0.001	37.0	<0.001	27.0	<0.001
Age
35–44	2297	19.8	<0.001	28.8	<0.001	10.1	<0.001
45–54	2158	28.9		35.3		21.9
55–64	2054	42.1		45.3		38.4
65–74	1435	52.0		45.4		59.7
75–79	370	54.8		45.6		64.5
Education level
≤Elementary	1805	50.0	<0.001	44.8	<0.001	53.3	<0.001
Middle	1065	40.2		42.7		37.8
High	2843	28.5		37.1		19.3
≥College	2601	24.6		32.7		12.3
Household income
Lowest quartile	1360	45.5	<0.001	46.0	0.001	45.0	<0.001
Lower middle quartile	2074	33.1		36.8		29.3
Upper middle quartile	2350	29.8		34.2		24.9
Highest quartile	2530	28.2		36.4		18.6
Smoking
Never	4710	27.5	<0.001	30.6	0.004	26.9	0.847
Past	1976	36.9		37.9		27.8
Current	1628	37.7		38.6		28.8
Alcohol intake
Less than once a month	3359	31.1	<0.001	32.7	<0.001	30.4	<0.001
1–4 times a month	2870	28.4		32.8		23.6
≥twice a week	2085	38.6		42.9		22.4
Physical activity
Less than 4 days	4099	32.7	0.387	37.4	0.593	27.4	0.580
More than 4 days	4215	31.7		36.5		26.6
Frequency of daily toothbrushing
0–1	826	43.8	<0.001	45.8	<0.001	38.6	<0.001
≥2	7488	31.0		35.6		26.3
Periodontitis
No	5216	26.6	<0.001	30.9	<0.001	23.1	<0.001
Yes	3098	41.6		44.3		36.9

MetS: metabolic syndrome; * p-values are evaluated by chi-square tests.