Table 1.
Means and standard deviation of daily concentrations of PM2.5 and 11 PM2.5 chemical components, and means of daily mortality and weather variables in each of the six South Korean major cities for the period from 2013 to 2015.
| City | N | PM2.5 (µg/m3) | PM2.5 Components | Mortality | Meteorology | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EC (µg/m) | OC (µg/m3) | NO3− (µg/m3) | SO42− (µg/m3) | Pb (ng/m3) |
Ni (ng/m3) | Si (ng/m3) |
V (ng/m3) |
Cu (ng/m3) | Zn (ng/m3) |
K (ng/m3) |
Non- Accidental |
CVD | RD | Temp (°C) | RH (%) | |||
| Seoul | 517 | 27.1 (18.5) | 1.9 (0.9) | 4.8 (2.3) | 4.7 (5.8) | 6.9 (5.7) | 28.8 (29.1) | 2.2 (2.1) | 768.3 (629.4) | 5.7 (5.8) | 7.9 (7.1) | 67.9 (54.1) | 349.8 (264.7) | 104.2 | 21.9 | 9.2 | 13.2 | 60.9 |
| Busan | 283 | 23.7 (13.1) | 0.8 (0.6) | 4.7 (2.3) | 2.4 (3.3) | 6.1 (4.8) | 24.0 (17.3) | 3.9 (3.0) | 565.1 (532.5) | 8.5 (8.9) | 7.5 (5.5) | 78.4 (49.0) | 255.8 (171.6) | 50.3 | 14.0 | 5.0 | 15.3 | 63.5 |
| Daegu | 286 | 23.4 (14.0) | 0.8 (0.9) | 5.0 (3.1) | 2.6 (3.7) | 4.8 (3.4) | 22.7 (17.5) | 2.0 (1.4) | 564.1 (488.4) | 2.6 (2.4) | 7.1 (7.1) | 134.9 (138.1) | 261.3 (182.5) | 31.4 | 8.7 | 3.4 | 15.0 | 59.3 |
| Gwangju | 486 | 26.0 (16.5) | 1.8 (1.1) | 4.5 (1.8) | 3.4 (4.9) | 6.7 (5.6) | 28.9 (24.8) | 1.9 (2.0) | 801.7 (682.0) | 4.1 (3.9) | 6.1 (8.1) | 69.2 (45.0) | 352.3 (268.5) | 17.3 | 4.1 | 2.2 | 14.4 | 66.7 |
| Daejeon | 437 | 27.9 (17.0) | 2.2 (1.0) | 4.7 (1.8) | 4.5 (5.9) | 6.7 (5.1) | 27.5 (24.5) | 2.1 (2.3) | 744.8 (766.2) | 3.6 (3.1) | 6.1 (5.1) | 64.4 (44.2) | 328.8 (251.1) | 16.2 | 3.6 | 2.0 | 13.5 | 71.7 |
| Ulsan | 247 | 22.3 (12.9) | 0.7 (0.6) | 3.8 (2.1) | 1.8 (2.7) | 5.6 (4.5) | 21.9 (21.2) | 2.8 (2.7) | 646.2 (676.3) | 6.3 (8.0) | 5.7 (5.5) | 65.1 (50.6) | 224.7 (163.5) | 11.6 | 3.3 | 1.7 | 14.9 | 63.1 |
Abbreviation: EC = elemental carbon; OC = organic carbon; NO3− = nitrate; SO42− = sulfate; Pb = lead; Ni = nickel; Si = silicon; V = vanadium; Cu = copper, Zn = zinc, K = potassium; CVD = cardiovascular disease; RD = respiratory disease; Temp = temperature; RH = relative humidity. Six cities ordered by population proportion (city population/national population) in 2015: 19.4, 6.8, 4.8, 2.9, 2.9, and 2.3% for Seoul, Busan, Daegu, Gwangju, Daejeon, and Ulsan, respectively.