Table 3.

Association between ACEs and former and current smoking among older adults in Japan and Finland

	Japan				Finland
	Model 1		Model 2		Model 1		Model 2
	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI
Former smoking (ref: never)
Parental divorce (ref. no): Yes	1.13	0.82 to 1.57	1.12	0.81 to 1.56	1.54	1.31 to 1.81	1.48	1.26 to 1.74
Fear of a family member (ref. no): Yes	1.14	0.96 to 1.36	1.11	0.93 to 1.32	1.45	1.26 to 1.67	1.38	1.20 to 1.60
Childhood poverty (ref. no): Yes	1.14	1.02 to 1.26	1.13	1.02 to 1.26	1.42	1.28 to 1.57	1.37	1.24 to 1.53
Any ACE (ref. no): Yes	1.13	1.02 to 1.26	1.12	1.01 to 1.25	1.45	1.31 to 1.60	1.40	1.27 to 1.55
Number of ACEs (continuous variable)	1.11	1.03 to 1.21	1.11	1.02 to 1.20	1.30	1.22 to 1.38	1.26	1.19 to 1.35
Current smoking (ref: never)
Parental divorce (ref. no): Yes	1.46	1.06 to 2.01	1.32	0.95 to 1.82	1.64	1.32 to 2.03	1.49	1.20 to 1.85
Fear of a family member (ref. no): Yes	1.29	1.07 to 1.55	1.16	0.96 to 1.40	1.45	1.19 to 1.76	1.32	1.09 to 1.61
Childhood poverty (ref. no): Yes	1.20	1.07 to 1.35	1.10	0.98 to 1.24	1.15	0.99 to 1.40	1.07	0.92 to 1.25
Any ACE (ref. no): Yes	1.24	1.10 to 1.39	1.13	1.01 to 1.27	1.33	1.16 to 1.53	1.24	1.08 to 1.43
Number of ACEs (continuous variable)	1.20	1.10 to 1.31	1.11	1.02 to 1.22	1.22	1.12 to 1.33	1.15	1.06 to 1.26

‘Any’ denotes the presence of at least one ACE.

Model 1: Adjusted for age and sex. Model 2: Further adjusted for education, marital status and working status.

ORs (95% CIs) were derived from multinomial logistic regression models.

Bold text indicates statistically significant with a p value less than 0.05.

ACE, Adverse childhood experience; ref., reference.