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Experiment timeline (O.P: operation, Pre-O.P: pre-operation, 1 week before operation). After performing an ovariecomy in female Sprague Dawley (SD) rats, they were given regular food and water for 8 weeks and osteoporosis was induced. Then, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or heat-treated melon extract (ECO-A) was orally administered 3 times a day during the intake period.
