Table 1.
Reference | Year | Country | Enterovirus identified (if reported) |
Age | Underlying disease | Time since rituximab | MRI change? | Symptoms/signs | Treatment | Outcome |
9 | 2003 | France | Echovirus 13 | 53 | Follicular lymphoma | 6 months | Myelitis | Fever, headache, paraesthesia, diplopia | Intravenous Ig pleconaril |
Recovered fully |
10 | 2006 | UK | 75 | DLBCL | 7 months | Nil | Confusion, fever, | Intravenous Ig | Died at 14 wks | |
11 | 2006 | USA | 46 | DLBCL | 1 month | 1st: nil 2nd: FLAIR hyperintensity in thalamus, basal ganglia |
Dysarthria, nystagmus | Intravenous Ig planned not given | Died of lymphoma | |
12 | 2008 | Japan | EV71, C4 | 37 | Nil | N/A | Pons, midbrain hyperintensity | Diplopia, dysarthria, ataxia, hyporeflexia | Methylprednisolone | Recovered fully |
13 | 2009 | UK | 53 | DLBCL | 1 week | Left temporal lobe enhancement | Fever, ataxia, dysarthria | Intravenous Ig | Died at 3 months (sepsis) | |
14 | 2009 | Belgium | 61 | DLBCL | 4 months | T2 hyperintensities?incidental | Confusion, ataxia, dysphasia | Intravenous Ig | Recovered fully | |
15 | 2010 | Holland | 64 | Marginal zone lymphoma | 1 month | Nil | Fever, nausea, fatigue | Intravenous Ig | Recovered fully | |
16 | 2011 | Australia | EV71 | 63 | NHL | 3 months | Thalamus, frontal hyperintensities | Fever, myoclonus, hemiparesis, aphasia | Intravenous Ig | Died 12 weeks |
17 | 2011 | Canada | Coxsackie A9 | 65 | Follicular | 5 months | Not reported | Fever, hepatitis, rash | Nil | Recovered fully |
18 | 2012 | France | 66 | Follicular | 2 months | Day 6: normal Day 13: myelitis |
Fever, asthenia, aphasia Facial paralysis, spasticity |
Intravenous Ig | Died day 32 | |
19 | 2015 | USA | Coxsackie B3 | 28 | Evan’s syndrome ITP |
13 years | White matter changes | Fever, cognitive decline | Intravenous Ig | Died at 3 months |
DLBCL, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma; EV71, Enterovirus 71; FLAIR, fluid-attenuated inversion recovery sequence; ITP, immune thrombocytopaenic purpura; N/A, not applicable; NHL, non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma.