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. 2019 Jul 25;8(8):242. doi: 10.3390/antiox8080242

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Biosynthetic pathway for tocopherols and tocotrienols in plants. Abbreviated intermediate metabolites are: hydroxyphenylpyruvate (HPP); phytyl diphosphate (PDP); homogentisate (HGA); geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGDP); 2-methyl-6-phythylbenzoquinol (MPBQ); 2,3-dimethyl-6-phythylbenzoquinol (DMBQ); 2-methyl-6-geranylgeranylbenzoquinol (MGGBQ); 2,3-dimethyl-6-geranylgeranylbenzoquinol (DMGGBQ). The genes are the following: tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT); geranylgeranyl-diphosphate reductase (GGDR); 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD); homogentisate phytyltransferase (HPT/VTE2); homogentisate geranylgeranyltransferase (HGGT/VTE2-1); 2,3-dimethyl-6-phythylbenzoquinol methyltransferase (MPBQ-MT/VTE3); tocopherol cyclase (VTE1); γ-tocopherol methyltransferase (VTE4).