| TCM | traditional Chinese medicine |
| BA-12 | ligustrazine–betulinic acid derivative |
| GSH | glutathione |
| qCAM | quail chick chorioallantoic membrane |
| BSTFA | N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide |
| TMCS | trimethylchlorosilane |
| DAPI | 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole |
| GR | glutathione reductase |
| total AOC | total antioxidant capacity |
| γGT | γ-glutamyl transferase |
| γGCS | γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase |
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