Table 5.
Summary of CRISPR/Cas9 applications in major crops for yield and quality improvement.
| Crop | Target Gene | Trait Improvement | Editing | Repair Mechanism | Delivery Technique | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Triticum aestivum | TaGW2 | Grain weight | Knockout | HR | Particle bombardment | [236] |
| Oryza sativa | OsAAP3 | Grain yield | Knock-in | NHEJ | Agrobacterium-mediated transformation | [237] |
| Oryza sativa | OsCCD7 | High-tillering | Knockout | NHEJ | Agrobacterium-mediated transformation | [252] |
| Glycine max | GmFT2a | Delayed flowering | Knockout | NHEJ | Agrobacterium-mediated transformation | [253] |
| Oryza sativa | GW5 | Grain weight | Knockout | NHEJ | Agrobacterium-mediated transformation | [238] |
| Oryza sativa | Hd2, Hd 4, Hd5 | Early heading | Knockout | NHEJ | Agrobacterium-mediated transformation | [242] |
| Oryza sativa | OsSWEET11 | Grain weight | Knockout | NHEJ | Agrobacterium-mediated transformation | [243] |
| Solanum lycopersicum | SP5G | Early yielding | Knockout | NHEJ | Agrobacterium-mediated transformation | [254] |
| Oryza sativa | OsGRF4 | Grain size | Knock-in | NHEJ | Agrobacterium-mediated transformation | [239] |
| Oryza sativa | IPA, GS3, DEP1, Gn1a | Improved yield | Knockout | NHEJ | Agrobacterium-mediated transformation | [240] |
| Oryza sativa | GS3, GW2, GW5, TGW6 | Grain weight | Knockout | NHEJ | Agrobacterium-mediated transformation | [241] |
| Triticum aestivum | GASR7 | Kernel weight | Knockout | HDR | Particle bombardment | [148] |
| Triticum aestivum | α–gliadin | Low gluten | Knockout | HDR | Particle bombardment | [247] |
| Oryza sativa | Waxy | Enhanced glutinosity | Knockout | NHEJ | Agrobacterium-mediated transformation | [245] |
| Solanum lycopersicum | lncRNA1459 | long shelf life | Knockout | NHEJ | Agrobacterium-mediated transformation | [250] |
| Solanum lycopersicum | SGR1, LCY-E, Blc, LCY-B1 | Increased lycopene | Knockout | NHEJ | Agrobacterium-mediated transformation | [251] |
| Oryza sativa | SBEIIb | Amylose, starch resistance | Knockout | NHEJ | Agrobacterium-mediated transformation | [246] |
| Glycine max | FAD2-1A, FAD2-1B | Improved oil quality | Knockout | NHEJ | Agrobacterium-mediated transformation | [163] |
| Solanum tuberosum | GBSS | Increase amylopectin/amylose | Knockout | NHEJ | PEG-mediated transfection | [152] |
| Solanum lycopersicum | SlGAD2, SlGAD3 | Enhance Υ-Aminobutyric acid | Knockout | NHEJ | Agrobacterium-mediated transformation | [255] |
| Zea mays | PPR, RPL | Reduced zein protein | Knockout | NHEJ | Agrobacterium-mediated transformation | [182] |
Description: Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 7, chloroplastic-like (CCD7), Phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein FT2a (FT2a), Protein IQ-DOMAIN 14 (GW5), Protein SELF PRUNING 5G (SP5G), Growth-regulating factor 4-like (GRF4), Glutathione synthetase (GS3), Protein STRICTOSIDINE SYNTHASE-LIKE 10 (TGW6), Cytokinin dehydrogenase 2-like (Gn1a), Keratin-associated protein 5-5 (DEP1), Ubiquitin-protein ligase (GW2), GA-induced protein (GASR7), Senescence-inducible chloroplast stay-green protein 1 (SGR1), Lycopene epsilon-cyclase (LCY-E), Glycoside hydrolase family 13 protein (SBEIIb), Granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS), 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase 2 (GAD2), Pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR), Ribosomal protein lateral (RPL).