Table 1.
Summary of the treatment of ginsenosides in Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD).
| Ginsenoside | Activities | Models | Dosing and Administration | Mode of Action | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 20(S)-proto-panaxadiol nanocrystals | Neurodegenerative disease | A polyethylene catheter was cannulated into the right jugular vein of the rats under anesthesia | 20 mg/kg Oral |
Increased plasma Cmax and increased bioavailability | [67] |
| Korean red ginseng extract | PD | The rats were administered 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)–HCl by i.p. | 100 mg/kg Oral |
Restored MPTP-induced protein downregulation | [61] |
| Rg1 | PD | The rats were administered MPTP–HCl by i.p. | 5mg/kg, 10mg/kg, and 20mg/kg i.p. |
Decreased MPP+-induced cytotoxicity Protected PC12 cells from MPP+-induced apoptosis. |
[62] |
| Rg1 | PD | The chronic MPTP/probenecid model | 10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg, or 40 mg/kg Oral |
Improved high MPTP-induced behavior defects, loss of dopamine neurons, mortality, and abnormal ultrastructure changes in the SNpc | [65] |
| Rg1 | PD | Two weeks after ovariectomy, unilateral infusion of lipopolysaccharide into the right side of substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) under anesthesia | Rg1 10 mg/kg, 10 mg/mL i.p. |
Showed protective effects on mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons | [68] |
| Panax ginseng extract | PD | Injected a solution of rotenone in the right striatum of rat bregma | 100 mg/kg Oral |
Improved the midbrain and striatal changes and showed a partial ameliorative effect against a rat model of PD | [69] |
| Rb1 | AD | SH-SY5Y cells used stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture | 100 mM/day Rb1 pretreatment |
Prevented β-amyloid-induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells and apoptotic cells; increased the expression of actin cytoskeleton proteins | [70,71,72] |
| Ginseng total saponins | AD | SAM, senescence-accelerated mouse; SAMP, senescence-accelerated mouse prone substrain; SAMR, senescence-accelerated mouse-resistant substrain | 50,100, and 200 mg/kg/day Oral |
Prevented memory loss in aged SAMP8 mice by upregulating the increase in antioxidant capacity in the hippocampus and upregulating plasticity-related proteins | [73] |