Table 3.
Associations between dietary patterns and congenital heart defects.
| Dietary Patterns | Total CHDs (Ncases = 474) | VSD (Ncases = 222) | ASD (Ncases = 218) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cases/Controls | Model 1 OR 1 (95%CI) | Model 2 OR 2 (95%CI) | Model 3 OR 3 (95%CI) | Model 3 OR 3 (95%CI) | Model 3 OR 3 (95%CI) | |
| Prudent pattern | ||||||
| Tertile 1 | 231/316 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Tertile 2 | 132/316 | 0.63 (0.45, 0.88) | 0.79 (0.56, 1.13) | 0.77 (0.53, 1.12) | 0.82 (0.50, 1.32) | 0.77 (0.48, 1.24) |
| Tertile 3 | 111/316 | 0.60 (0.46, 0.79) | 0.68 (0.51, 0.90) | 0.65 (0.48, 0.89) | 0.75 (0.51, 1.11) | 0.65 (0.44, 0.97) |
| ptrend 4 | 0.015 | 0.086 | 0.080 | 0.326 | 0.191 | |
| Vegetarian pattern | ||||||
| Tertile 1 | 121/316 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Tertile 2 | 196/316 | 1.96 (1.47, 2.62) | 1.57 (1.17, 2.14) | 1.50 (1.03, 2.17) | 1.97 (1.18, 3.29) | 1.31 (0.80, 2.14) |
| Tertile 3 | 157/316 | 2.36 (1.67, 3.34) | 1.67 (1.17, 2.38) | 1.56 (1.13, 2.15) | 2.01 (1.31, 3.09) | 1.63 (1.08, 2.46) |
| ptrend 4 | <0.001 | 0.003 | 0.015 | 0.004 | 0.156 | |
| Dairy and egg pattern | ||||||
| Tertile 1 | 244/316 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Tertile 2 | 124/316 | 0.53 (0.41, 0.70) | 0.63 (0.47, 0.84) | 0.66 (0.49, 0.90) | 0.63 (0.42, 0.95) | 0.58 (0.40, 0.86) |
| Tertile 3 | 106/316 | 0.48 (0.36, 0.64) | 0.56 (0.41, 0.75) | 0.60 (0.43, 0.82) | 0.61 (0.41, 0.93) | 0.46 (0.30, 0.70) |
| ptrend 4 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.014 | <0.001 | |
ASD, atrial septal defects; CHDs, congenital heart defects; VSD, ventricular septal defects. 1 Adjusted for total energy intake during pregnancy. 2 Adjusted for total energy intake during pregnancy and socio-demographic characteristics (maternal age, residence, occupation, education, and parity). 3 Adjusted for total energy intake during pregnancy, socio-demographic characteristics (maternal age, residence, occupation, education, and parity), and maternal health-related factors during the first trimester (folate supplements use, anemia, passive smoking, and medication use). 4 p for trend across tertiles is calculated using the median for each tertile as a continuous variable.