Table 5.
Association of caregivers’ perceptions and practices regarding schistosomiasis with infection status among themselves and their children
| Categorya | Childrenb | Child’s infection status | Caregivers | Caregiver’s infection status | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Infected | Uninfected | P-value | Total | Infected | Uninfected | P-value | |
| Perceptions | ||||||||
| Is the current national schistosomiasis treatment programme important? (Yes) | 501 (99.8) | 69 (100) | 432 (99.8) | 0.689 | 303 (99.7) | 57 (100) | 246 (99.6) | 0.630 |
| Which group is most likely infected?c | ||||||||
| Children aged ≤ 5 years | 242 (48.1) | 34 (49.3) | 208 (48.0) | 0.848 | 152 (50.0) | 21 (36.8) | 131 (53.0) | 0.028* |
| School-aged children | 387 (77.1) | 50 (72.5) | 337 (77.8) | 0.325 | 226 (74.3) | 47 (82.5) | 179 (72.5) | 0.120 |
| Adult women | 97 (19.3) | 19 (27.5) | 78 (18.0) | 0.063 | 56 (18.4) | 9 (15.8) | 47 (19.0) | 0.570 |
| Adult men | 64 (12.8) | 13 (18.8) | 51 (11.8) | 0.102 | 39 (12.8) | 3 (5.3) | 36 (14.6) | 0.058** |
| Girls | 76 (15.1) | 12 (17.4) | 64 (14.8) | 0.574 | 45 (14.8) | 6 (10.5) | 39 (15.8) | 0.313 |
| Boys | 86 (17.1) | 14 (20.3) | 72 (16.6) | 0.453 | 49 (16.1) | 8 (14.0) | 41 (16.6) | 0.635 |
| Practices | ||||||||
| Domestic source of water | ||||||||
| Borehole | 337 (63.0) | 34 (47.9) | 303 (65.3) | 0.005* | 207 (63.7) | 32 (52.5) | 175 (66.3) | 0.043* |
| Dam | 13 (2.4) | 2 (2.8) | 11 (2.4) | 0.820 | 6 (1.9) | 0 (0) | 6 (2.3) | 0.235 |
| River | 110 (20.6) | 27 (38.0) | 83 (17.9) | < 0.001* | 68 (20.9) | 12 (19.7) | 56 (21.2) | 0.790 |
| Well | 153 (28.6) | 24 (33.8) | 129 (27.8) | 0.297 | 98 (30.2) | 23(37.7) | 75 (28.4) | 0.154 |
| Place of doing laundry | ||||||||
| River | 395 (73.8) | 57 (80.3) | 338 (72.8) | 0.670 | 232 (71.4) | 42 (68.9) | 190 (72.0) | 0.518 |
| Dam | 32 (6.0) | 2 (2.8) | 30 (6.5) | 21 (6.5) | 4 (6.6) | 17 (6.4) | ||
| Garden well | 20 (3.7) | 2 (2.8) | 18 (3.9) | 12 (3.7) | 1 (1.6) | 11 (4.2) | ||
| Borehole | 15 (2.8) | 2 (2.8) | 13 (2.8) | 11 (3.4) | 4 (6.6) | 7 (2.7) | ||
| Well at home | 73 (13.6) | 8 (11.3) | 65 (14.0) | 49 (15.1) | 10 (16.4) | 39 (14.8) | ||
| Laundry time | ||||||||
| Morning | 306 (57.2) | 39 (54.9) | 267 (57.5) | 0.204 | 180 (55.4) | 37 (60.7) | 143 (54.2) | 0.651 |
| Afternoon | 191 (35.7) | 30 (42.3) | 161 (34.7) | 122(37.5) | 20 (32.8) | 102 (38. 6) | ||
| Late afternoon | 38 (7.1) | 2(2.8) | 36 (7.8) | 23 (7.1) | 4 (6.6) | 19 (7.2) | ||
| Bathing place | ||||||||
| River | 199 (37.2) | 37 (52.1) | 162 (34.9) | 0.034* | 114 (35.1) | 29 (47.5) | 85 (32.2) | 0.123 |
| Dam | 5 (0.93) | 1 (1.4) | 4 (0.9) | 5 (1.5) | 0 (0) | 5 (1.9) | ||
| Garden well | 7 (1.3) | 2 (2.8) | 5 (1.1) | 6 (1.9) | 2 (3.3) | 4 (1.5) | ||
| Borehole | 18 (3.4) | 2 (2.8) | 16 (3.5) | 11 (3.4) | 2 (3.3) | 9 (3.4) | ||
| Protected well | 306 (57.2) | 29 (40.9) | 277 (59.7) | 189 (58.2) | 28 (45.9) | 161 (61.0) | ||
| Bathing time | ||||||||
| Morning | 28 (5.2) | 3 (4.2) | 25 (5.4) | 0.452 | 17 (5.2) | 2 (3.3) | 15 (5.7) | 0.174 |
| Afternoon | 110 (20.6) | 11 (15.5) | 99 (21.3) | 73 (22.5) | 9 (14.8) | 64 (24.2) | ||
| Late afternoon | 397 (74.2) | 57 (80.3) | 340 (73.3) | 235 (72.3) | 50 (82.0) | 185 (70.1) | ||
| Child goes with mother to the river for laundry | ||||||||
| Yes | 362 (67.7) | 60 (84.5) | 302 (65.1) | 0.003* | 213 (65.5) | 42 (68.9) | 171 (64.8) | 0.478 |
| No | 143 (26.7) | 11 (15.5) | 132 (28.5) | 90 (27.7) | 17 (27.9) | 73 (27.7) | ||
| Sometimes | 30 (5.6) | 0 (0) | 30 (6.5) | 22 (6.8) | 2 (3.3) | 20 (7.6) | ||
| Where does child play when mother is doing laundry? | ||||||||
| Playing in shallow water | 226 (42.2) | 41 (57.8) | 185 (39.9) | 0.016* | 150 (46.2) | 32 (52.5) | 118 (44.8) | 0.198 |
| Playing in a water filled dish outside the river | 81 (15.1) | 11 (15.5) | 70 (15.1) | 44 (13.5) | 8 (13.1) | 36 (13.6) | ||
| Outside the water | 168 (31.4) | 16 (22.5) | 152 (32.8) | 92 (28.3) | 11 (18.0) | 81 (30.7) | ||
| I don’t go with my child to the river or dam | 60 (11.2) | 3 (4.2) | 57 (12.3) | 39 (12.0) | 10 (16.4) | 29 (11.0) | ||
| Child goes with the mother to the river for bathing | ||||||||
| Yes | 272 (50.8) | 52 (73.2) | 220 (47.4) | < 0.001* | 163 (50.2) | 33 (54.1) | 130 (49.24) | 0.687 |
| No | 211 (39.4) | 14 (19.7) | 197 (42.5) | 133 (40.9) | 24 (39.3) | 109 (41.3) | ||
| Sometimes | 52 (9.7) | 5 (7.0) | 47 (10.1) | 29 (8.9) | 4 (6.7) | 25 (9.5) | ||
| Where does child play when mother is bathing? | ||||||||
| Playing in water/bathing also | 190 (35.5) | 34 (47.9) | 156 (33.6) | 0.018* | 120 (36.9) | 29 (47.5) | 91 (34.5) | 0.100 |
| Outside the water | 123 (23.0) | 18 (25.4) | 105 (22.6) | 79 (24.3) | 15 (24.6) | 64 (24.2) | ||
| Playing in a water filled dish outside the river | 222 (41.5) | 19 (26.8) | 203 (43.8) | 126 (38.8) | 17 (27.9) | 109 (41.3) | ||
| The usual source of water for bathing the child | ||||||||
| River | 175 (32.7) | 41 (57.8) | 134 (28.9) | < 0.001* | 110 (33.9) | 21 (34.4) | 89 (33.7) | 0.698 |
| Dam | 6 (1.1) | 0 (0) | 6 (1.3) | 6 (1.9) | 0 (0) | 6 (2.3) | ||
| Well | 56 (10.5) | 10 (14.1) | 46 (9.9) | 35 (10.8) | 7 (11.5) | 28 (10.6) | ||
| Protected well/borehole/tap | 298 (55.7) | 20 (28.2) | 278 (59.9) | 174 (53.5) | 33 (54.1) | 141 (53.4) | ||
| Do you boil water for bathing the child? | ||||||||
| Yes | 373 (69.7) | 45 (63.4) | 328 (70.7) | < 0.001* | 216 (66.5) | 40 (65.6) | 176 (66.7) | 0.176 |
| No | 34 (6.4) | 12 (16.9) | 22 (4.7) | 25 (7.7) | 8 (13.1) | 17 (6.4) | ||
| Sometimes | 128 (23.9) | 14 (19.7) | 114 (24.6) | 84 (25.9) | 13 (21.3) | 71 (26.9) | ||
| Whether child aged ≤ 5 years assist in watering the garden | ||||||||
| Yes | 136 (25.4) | 31 (43.7) | 105 (22.6) | < 0.001* | 84 (25.9) | 19 (31.2) | 65 (24.6) | 0.566 |
| No | 377 (70.5) | 33 (46.5) | 344 (744) | 228 (70.2) | 40 (65.6) | 188 (71.2) | ||
| Sometimes | 22 (4.1) | 7 (9.9) | 15 (3.2) | 13 (4.0) | 2 (3.3) | 11 (4.2) | ||
| Presence of a toilet at home | 426 (79.6) | 59 (83.1) | 367 (79.1) | 0.435 | 260 (80.0) | 49 (80.3) | 211 (79.9) | 0.943 |
| Those using the toilet | 454 (84.9) | 66 (93.0) | 388 (83.6) | 0.041* | 278 (85.5) | 55 (90.2) | 223 (84.5) | 0.254 |
| Source of drinking water | ||||||||
| River | 40 (7.5) | 11 (15.5) | 29 (6.3) | < 0.001* | 19 (5.9) | 4 (6.6) | 15 (5.7) | 0.228 |
| Protected well at home | 127 (23.7) | 14 (19.7) | 113 (24.4) | 86 (26.5) | 19 (31.2) | 67 (25.4) | ||
| Borehole | 337 (63.0) | 36 (50.7) | 301 (64.9) | 202 (62.2) | 32 (52.5) | 170 (64.4) | ||
| Garden well | 31 (5.8) | 10 (14.1) | 21 (4.5) | 18 (5.5) | 6(9.8) | 12 (4.6) | ||
aFor the variables with a yes or no response, only the number (%) of the yes response are documented
bChildren were not interviewed but they are described against their caregiver’s responses
cMore than one response was considered
*Significance level of 0.05; **Borderline significance of 0.05