Table 2.

List of MAPK reactivation-mediated resistance mechanisms.

Resistance Mechanism	Molecular Details	Salient References
BRAF Amplification	BRAFV600E/K amplification	[40,78,97,98,106]
CRAF Overexpression	Transcriptional activation	[97,105,107]
BRAF Splice Variant and Truncation	Δexon 2–10, Δexon 2–8, Δexon 4–8, etc.	[40,78,106,107]
NRAS Mutation	G13R, Q61K mutations	[78,98,108,109]
MEK1 Mutation	K57E, I111S, P124S, G176S, E203K, etc., mutations	[78,99,110,111,112]
MEK2 Mutation	F57C, Q60P mutations	[78,99,111,112,113]
IGF1R Overexpression	Transcriptional activation	[78,98,110]