Table 2.
Effect of mechanical factors on BMSC migration
| Mechanical Regime | Cell Migration | Outcomes | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mechanical stretch (5%, 6 h) | ↑ | Enhanced homing and transdifferentiation of BMSCs under mechanical stretch in the expanded skin, and BMSCs were recruited to sites where SDF-1αwas most highly expressed. | [67] |
| Mechanical stretch (10%, 8 h) | ↑ | Promoted BMSC migration via FAK and ERK1/2 signals. | [68] |
| Mechanical stretch (10%, 12 h) | ↑ | In vivo and in vitro results showed that mechanical stretch can upregulate SDF-1α in skin and recruit circulating BMSCs through the SDF-1α/CXCR4 pathway. | [70] |
| Shear stress (0.2 Pa/>2 Pa) | ↓↑ | High shear stress (>2 Pa) hindered human BMSC migration, whereas lower shear stress (0.2 Pa) induced cell migration. | [71] |
| Shear stress (0.2 Pa) | ↑ | The SDF-1/CXCR4 axis mediated low-shear-stress-induced human BMSC migration through the JNK and p38 MAPK pathways. | [72] |
| Matrix stiffness (1 kPa, 2.3 h; 34 kPa, 6.3 h) | ↑ | BMSCs migrated from the soft matrix to the stiff matrix by polarizing the cytoskeleton function and the phosphorylated myosin-II heavy chain. | [74] |
| Matrix stiffness (≥5-6 kPa, 2 h) | ↑ | Extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness influenced the position of the microtubule organizing center (MTOC) in MSCs by polarizing it in front of the nucleus only when the matrix was sufficiently stiff, which increased MSC migration. | [75] |
| Matrix stiffness (1 to 12 kPa, 3 days) | ↑ | Human MSCs migrated to stiffer portions of the substrates by increasing the assembled microtubule network. | [73] |
| Matrix stiffness (2 kPa, 4 h) | ↑ | AFSCs cultured on softer substrates secreted more autocrine cytokines, which increased AFSC migration. | [76] |
| Microgravity (rotated at 10 rpm, approximately 1 × 10−3 g; 24 h) | ↓ | The migration of BMSCs was inhibited by simulated microgravity via reorganizing F-actin and increasing cell stiffness. | [82] |
| Microgravity (rotated at 10 to 12 rpm, approximately 1 × 10–3 g to 1.2×10–3 g; 2 to 3 days) | ↓ | The culture of HSCs in a microgravity environment inhibited the migration of HSCs by a significant reduction of SDF-1α-directed migration, which correlated with a decreased expression of F-actin. | [83] |