Table 1.
Summary of the efficiency of Chinese medicine.
| Diseases | Type 2 diabetes and obesity | Obesity | Type 2 diabetes | CVD |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Herbs/decoction | Berberine [8, 9, 42] | Ganoderma lucidum [43] | Gegen Qinlian decoction [10] | Ginsenosides [44–46] |
| Source/component | Rhizoma coptidis plants | Ganoderma lucidum | Gegen (Radix Puerariae), Huang Qin (Radix Scutellariae), Huang Lian (Rhizoma coptidis), Gancao (Honey-fried Licorice Root) | Ginseng |
| Species | Humans; rat | Mouse | Human | Cell; rat |
| Alteration of intestinal flora | SCFA-producing bacteria ↑ (Allobaculum, Bacteroides, Blautia, Butyricicoccus, and Phascolarctobacterium) | The ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ↓; the number of Escherichia coli ↓; levels of several beneficial bacteria ↑(Clostridium, Eubacterium) | Level of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii↑ | None |
| Therapeutical effect | Fasting and postprandial blood sugar ↓; insulin resistance ↓; inflammation ↓ | Chronic inflammation ↓; insulin resistance ↓; metabolic endotoxemia ↓; maintain the integrity of the intestinal barrier | Levels of FBG and HbA1c ↓; levels of HOMA-β ↑ | Expression of eNOS and vascular endothelial growth factor ↓; tissue regeneration ↑; expansion of infarction area ↓ |
eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HOMA-β, homeostasis model assessment β; SCFA, short-chain fatty acid.↑: increase or promote; ↓: reduce or alleviate.