Table 1.

List of mitochondrial uncouplers.

Uncoupling Agent	Abbreviation (If Any)	Mitochondria Specific	Mechanism	Reference
(2-fluorophenyl)6-[(2-fluorophenyl)amino](1,2,5-oxadiazolo [3,4-e]pyrazin-5-yl)amine	BAM15	Yes	Protonophore	Kenwood et al. [45]
(E)-4-(1 H-indol-3-ylvinyl)-N-methylpyridinium iodide	F16	Yes	Lipophilic cation	Wang et al. [46]
1,3-bis(3,5-dichlorophenyl)urea	CR4	No	Protonophore	Figarola et al. [47]
Adenine Nucleotide Translocase 1	ANT-1	Yes	ATP/ADP exchange and FFA transporter	Andreyev et al. [23]
Bupivacain	-	No	Local anesthetic with protonophoric activity (at least partially)	Sztark et al. [48]
C12TPP	Dodecyltriphenylphosphonium	Yes	Protonophore	Severin et al. [49]
Carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoro-methoxyphenyl hydrazone	FCCP	No	Protonophore	Benz et al. [50]
Carbonylcyanide-3-chlorophenylhydrazone	CCCP	No	Protonophore	Kasianowicz et al. [51]
CO-releasing molecules	CORM	No	Activates mitochondrial large-conductance calcium-regulated potassium ion channels	Kaczara et al. [52]
Dinitrophenol	DNP	No	Protonophore	Loomis et al. [53]
FR58P1	-	Yes	Protonophore	Urra et al. [54]
Free fatty acids	FFA	No	Protonophoric action and activation of UCP-1 activity	Wojtczak et al. [29], Divakaruni et al. [32]
Halothane	-	No	Anesthetic, partial, protonophore and inhibits mitochondrial complex I	Hanley et al. [55]
Inactin	-	No	Thiobarbiturate with protonophoric activity (at least partially)	Schiffer et al. [56]
Isoflurane	-	No	Anesthetic, partial, protonophore and inhibits mitochondrial complex I	Hanley et al. [55]
Mitofluo	-	Yes	Protonophore (fluorescent)	Denisov et al. [57]
MitoPhotoDNP	MitoPhotoDinitrophenol	Yes	Protonophore (photoactivable)	Chalmers et al. [58]
N-acyl amino acids	-	No	Protonophore	Lin et al. [59]
Rhodamine 19 butyl ester	C4R1		Protonophore, mild uncoupler	Khailova et al. [60]
Sevoflurane	-	No	Anesthetic, partial, protonophore inhibits mitochondrial complex I	Hanley et al. [55]
Thyroid hormone T3	T3	No	Regulates mitochondrial uncoupling by different mechanisms: (1) by sympathetic stimulation, (2) by increasing acylcarnitine production, thereby activating mitochondrial respiration/uncoupling, and (3) by directly stimulating the transcription of Ucp1 gene	Yau et al. [61]
Uncoupling Protein-1	UCP-1	Yes	Transmembrane protein channel present at the inner mitochondrial membrane catalyzing the transport of protons across the mitochondrial membrane and thereby inducing mitochondrial uncoupling	Jacobsson et al. [7]

This table lists the main mitochondrial uncouplers referenced in the review, including their full names, their specificity, and their mode of action.