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. 2019 Aug 3;8(8):824. doi: 10.3390/cells8080824

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Anti-inflammatory cytokines detected in the tissue culture supernatant. IL-1β triggered an anti-inflammatory response evidenced by elevated interleukin-1 antagonist (IL-1RA), interleukin-4 receptor alpha (IL-4Rα), and IL-13 levels. IL-1RA significantly increased to day 3 in response to hyperacute serum treatment, but decreased until day 5, n = 12 (A). The significance level was p < 0.05, where * means that the p-value was between 0.05 and 0.01, ** means that p-value was between 0.01 and 0.001, and *** means that the p-value was lower than 0.001. The correlations of cytokine changes are presented in heatmap tables. Very strong correlations were found among all three anti-inflammatory cytokines (B).