Table 1.
Interplay of ncRNAs with DNA methylation in the pathogenesis of CRC.
| Non-Coding RNAs | Epigenetic Partner/Other Epigenetic Mediator | Target Gene | Tumorigenic Effects | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| LncRNA & DNA methylation | ||||
| DACOR1 | interaction with DNMT1 to reprogram genome-wide DNA methylation | DNA methylation at thousands of CpG sites | increased clonogenicity | [49,50] |
| HIF1A-AS2 | regulates miR-129-5p and DNMT3A expression | progression and EMT formation of CRC | [56] | |
| H19 | hypomethylation of the sixth CTCF-binding site in the differentially methylated region of IGF2/H19 | loss of imprinting of IGF2T → two forms of aberrant IGF2 expression | promotes microsatellite instability and oncogenesis | [62,63,64] |
| MicroRNA & DNA methylation | ||||
| miR-133b | promoter hypermethylation | HOXA9/ZEB1 pathway | inhibits migration and apoptosis; suppresses metastasis | [60,65] |
| miR-149 | epigenetically silenced by DNA methylation | Specificity Protein 1 (SP1) | independent prognostic factor for overall survival | [66] |
| miR-132 | downregulation by DNA hypermethylation | paxillin | associated with cell invasion | [59] |
| miR-345 | CpG island promoter hypermethylation | BCL2-associated athanogene 3 (BAG3) | suppresses colon cancer cell proliferation and invasiveness | [67] |
| miR-181a/135a/302c | DNA methylation-mediated repression | via repressing PLAG1/IGF2 signalling | promotes the microsatellite-unstable CRC development and 5-FU resistance | [58] |
| miR-203 | directly targets DNMT3B | causes ABCG2 promoter methylation | predisposing CRC development by lowering expression of ABCG2. | [61] |