Table 2.
Interplay of lncRNAs with other epigenetic partners in the pathogenesis of CRC.
| Non-Coding RNAs | Epigenetic Partner/Other Epigenetic Mediator | Target Gene | Tumorigenic Effects | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chromatin remodelling | ||||
| DLEU1 | recruits SMARCA1, an essential subunit of the NURF chromatin remodelling complex | activation of KPNA3 | CRC development and progression | [40] |
| CCAT1-L | regulates long-range chromatin interactions | activates the transcription of the MYC locus | both tumorigenesis and the metastatic process | [79] |
| HOTAIR | reprograms chromatin organization in cooperation with the PRC2 complex | global epigenetic regulation | contributes to liver metastases in stage IV CRC patients | [79] |
| Histone modification | ||||
| MALAT1 | EZH2 | represses E-cadherin | promotes chemoresistance | [80] |
| HULC | interacts with EZH2 | to repress NKD2 | oncogenic | [81] |
| SNHG1 | interacts with PRC2 in the nucleus and acts as a miR-154-5p sponge in the cytoplasm | modulates histone methylation of KLF2 and CDKN2B | tumour progression | [74] |
| CRNDE | binds to EZH2 | DUSP5/CDKN1A | positively correlates with advanced pathological stages and larger tumour sizes | [75] |
| SNHG17 | binds to the EZH2 | p57 | promotes cell proliferation | [82] |
| SH3PXD2A-AS1 | interacts with EZH2 | p57 and KLF2 | promotes cells proliferation, migration and invasion | [83] |
| SNHG6 | recruits EZH2 to the p21 promoter | p21 | positively correlates with advanced tumour stage | [84] |
| MEG3 | interacts with PRC2 and JARID2 to direct them to target promoters | Clusterin signalling pathway | inhibits cells proliferation and migration | [85] |
| PINT | interacts with PRC2 to silence genes | p53 autoregulatory negative mechanism | inhibits proliferation of tumour cells | [86] |
| PINT | interacts with PRC2 | EGR1 | inhibits tumour cell invasion | [87] |
| PCAT6 | forms a complex with EZH2 | activates anti-apoptotic ARC | inhibits colon cancer cell apoptosis | [88] |
| Histone modification/DNA methylation | ||||
| Lnc34a | recruits DNMT3A via PHB2 and HDAC1 to methylate and deacetylate the MIR34A promoter simultaneously | epigenetically silence miR-34a | Increase colon cancer stem cells (CSCs) proliferation in late-stage CRC s. | [77] |
| HOXA11-AS | scaffold for the chromatin modification factors PRC2, LSD1, and DNMT1 | lymph node metastasis | [89,90] | |