Figure 2.

Maturation of hepatic, biliary, and pancreatic lineages from foregut endoderm progenitor cells. In the figure we recapitulate the embryological development, indicating key biomarkers and stimuli to induce cell differentiation. Abbreviations (in order of appearance): a, adult; e, embryonic; BTSCs, biliary tree stem/progenitor cells; PBGs, peribiliary glands; PDGs, pancreatic ductal glands; CoH, canal of Hering; BD, bile duct; AFP, alpha-fetoprotein; AMY2A, amylase 2A; CPA1, carboxypeptidase A1; SOX, sex determining region Y-box; PDX1, pancreatic and duodenal homebox 1; HNF, hepatocyte nuclear factor; Fox, forkhead box; PTF, pancreas transcription factor-like; HES1, transcription factor HES1; NGN, neurogenin; GATA, erythroid transcription factor; PAX, paired box; ARX, aristaless related homeobox; TRY, transcription factor TRY; CFTR, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator; CPA, carboxypeptidase; FGF, fibroblast growt factor; Shh, sonic hedegehog; HGF, hepatocyte growth factor; BMP, bone morphogenetic protein; GLP-1, glucagon like peptide 1; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor 1.