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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2019 Sep;44(18):1257–1269. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000003055

Figure 1. Surgical approach for sham and 1x and 3x annular puncture surgeries.

Figure 1.

(A) Sham procedure with lumbar IVD exposure. (B) 1x annular puncture surgery with TNFα injection. (C) 3x annular puncture surgery with three punctures and a single TNFα injection. (D) Study design timeline.