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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2019 Sep;44(18):1257–1269. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000003055

Figure 6. IVDs exhibited sex differences in torsional biomechanical properties six weeks after 3x annular puncture injury.

Figure 6.

(A) Torsional stiffness did not differ between sham, 1x, and 3x six weeks after injury, but torsional stiffness was significantly greater in male IVDs than female IVDs after 3x injury (p < 0.05). (B) Torque range exhibited a similar pattern to torsional stiffness, but the sex difference after 3x injury was not significant (p = 0.058). Neither torsional hysteresis (C), torsional neutral zone length (D), nor torsional neutral zone stiffness (E) differed between groups six weeks after annular puncture. (n = 5–8, p values for 2-way ANOVA effects shown below each graph).