Table 2.

Time 1 and change in posttraumatic stress symptoms predicting bilateral cortical, anterior cingulate, and subcortical brain volumetrics in late midlife: Model 1/predictive model.

	Time 1 PTS symptoms		Change
Brain ROI (Time 2)	β	P	β	p
Subcortical Structures
Hippocampal Volume	−0.21 (0.08)	0.01	0.15 (0.08)	0.04
Hippocampal Occupancy	−0.15 (0.11)	0.04	0.09 (0.07)	0.21
Amygdala	−0.19 (0.08)	0.01	0.11 (0.07)	0.13
Anterior Cingulate (ACC) Volumes
Rostral ACC	0.03 (0.08)	0.74	0.05 (0.07)	0.53
Caudal ACC	0.10 (0.07)	0.20	0.00 (0.07)	0.98
Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) Volumes (Exploratory)
Caudal Middle Frontal Gyrus	−0.13 (0.07)	0.09	0.09 (0.07)	0.21
Rostral Middle Frontal Gyrus	−0.24 (0.07)	0.001	0.17 (0.06)	0.01
Superior Frontal Gyrus	−0.14 (0.07)	0.04	0.07 (0.09)	0.26
Pars Orbitalis	−0.07 (0.08)	0.36	0.09 (0.07)	0.23
Pars Opercularis	−0.06 (0.08)	0.42	0.00 (0.07)	0.98
Pars Triangularis	−0.13 (0.08)	0.11	0.04 (0.07)	0.60
Medial Orbitofrontal Cortex	−0.18 (0.07)	0.01	0.15 (0.06)	0.02
Lateral Orbitofrontal Cortex	−0.06 (0.08)	0.42	0.05 (0.07)	0.47
Frontal Pole	−0.15 (0.08)	0.06	0.16 (0.08)	0.04

ROI=Region of interest. (N~247; df 58–60) Numbers in the table are parameter estimates (β coefficients), standard errors (SE), and p values from mixed models that account for non-independence of observations within twin pairs. Model includes time 1 PTS symptoms (intercept) and change (time 1 PTSD – time 2 PTS symptoms), age, ethnicity (non-Hispanic white vs other), early adult cognitive ability, apolipoprotein epsilon 4 (APOE) status (presence of any ε4 allele [ε4+] versus none [ε4-]), head injury (yes, no), combat exposure, childhood trauma and life events. ROI measures are residuals of brain structure volume adjusted for scanner/site and intracranial volume. PTSD symptom measures were standardized with a mean of 0 and standard deviation of 1. Bolded exploratory PFC values are those significant following correction for multiple comparisons {Li, 2005 #132}.