Table 2:

Biomarkers used for the differential diagnosis of stroke

Clinical purpose	Type	Biomarker	Sample size	Cut-off	First sample collection (after onset)	Se (%)	Sp (%)	Ref.
Stroke versus no stroke (Mimics, Controls)	Protein	Anti-NMDA	360 samples from 105 strokes and 255 controls	≥ 2 μg/L	< 3h	97	98	(Dambinova et al. 2003)
		NSE	66 strokes	N/A	< 3h	N/A	N/A	(Wunderlich et al. 2006)
		HFABP	22 strokes, 22 controls, 22 acute myocardial infarctions	OD > 0.531	< 24h	68.2	100	(Zimmermann-Ivol et al. 2004)
		NDKA	622 strokes, 165 controls	≥ 2.55 μg/L	< 24h	73	97	(Allard et al. 2005)
		PARK7	622 strokes, 165 controls	≥ 1.55M μg/L	< 24h	85	97	(Allard et al. 2005)
		Glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB	172 strokes, 133 controls	7.0 ng/mL	< 12h	93	93	(Park et al. 2018)
		Serum APOA1-UP	94 strokes, 37 controls	Ratio APOA1-UP to reference protein > 1.80	N/A	91	97	(Zhao et al. 2016)
		PBP	35 TIA/minor IS, 12 controls	1500 ng/mL	< 48h	91	57	(George et al. 2015)
	4-protein panel	S100B, vWF, MM9, VCAM	65 strokes, 157 controls	N/A	< 6h	90	90	(Lynch et al. 2004)
	18-gene panel (mRNA)	ARG1, BCL6, CA4, CKAP4, ETS-2, HIST2H2AA, HOX1.11, F5, FPR1, LY96, MMP-9, NPL, PYGL, RNASE2, S100A9, S100A12, S100P, SLC16A6	70 strokes, 107 controls	>∣1.5∣ FC	< 3h	93.5	89.5	(Stamova et al. 2010)
	MicroRNAs	Downregulated: miR-122, miR-148a, let-7i, miR-19a, miR-320d, and miR-4429 / Upregulated: miR-363 and miR-487b are increased	24 strokes, 24 controls	>∣1.2∣ FC	< 72h	N/A	N/A	(Jickling et al. 2014a)
	Long non-coding RNA	ZFAS1	176 strokes, 111 controls	N/A	< 48h	89.4	48	(J. Wang et al. 2018)
Ischemic versus Hemorrhagic stroke	Protein	GFAP	205 patients (39 ICH, 163 IS, 3 mimics)	≥ 0.29 μg/L	< 24h	84.2	96.3	(Foerch et al. 2012)
		S100B	46 ICH, 71 IS	≥ 67 pg/mL	< 6h	95.7	70.4	(Zhou et al. 2016)