Table 3:

Biomarkers used for the etiologic diagnosis of stroke

Clinical purpose or question	Type	Biomarker	Sample size	Cut-off	First sample collection (after onset)	Se (%)	Sp (%)	Ref.
Cardioembolic stroke	Protein	MR-proANP	362 IS	≥ 180 pg/mL	< 72h	71	60.3	(Katan et al. 2010)
		NT-proBNP	1840 IS (meta-analysis)	N/A	N/A	55	93	(Bai et al. 2018)
Cardioembolic versus LAA stroke	40-gene panel	ADAMTSL4, AP3S2, ARHGEF12, ARHGEF5, BANK1, C16orf68, C19orf28, CD46, CHURC1, CLEC18A, COL13A1, EBF1, ENPP2, EXT2, FCRL1, FLJ40125, GRM5, GSTK1, HLA-DOA, IRF6, LHFP, LHFP, LOC284751, LRRC37A3, OOEP, P2RX5, PIK3C2B, PTPN20A, TFDP1, TMEM19, TSKS, ZNF185, ZNF254	76 cryptogenic strokes (194 samples)	>∣1.2∣ FC	< 3h	95	95	(Jickling et al. 2010)
Lacunar versus non-lacunar stroke	41-gene panel	ALS2CR11, C18orf49, CALM1, CCDC114, CCDC78, CCL2, CCL3, CHML, FAM179A, FAM70B, FLJ13773, GBP4, GTF2H2, HLA-DQA1, HLADRB4, IL8, LAG3, LAIR2, LGR6, LRRC8B, MPZL3, OASL, PDXDC1, PROCR, PRSS23, QKI, RASEF, RUNX3, SCAND2, STK4, STX7, TGFBR3, TSEN54, TTC12, UBA7, UGCG. UTS2, VAPA	184 cryptogenic strokes	>∣1.5∣ FC	< 72h	> 90	> 90	(Jickling et al. 2011)
LAA stroke	Proteins (tested in independent studies)	CRP, fibrinogen, P-selectin (CD62P), adiponectin, ICAM-1, Lp-PLA2	Variable sample sizes	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	(Alvarez-Perez et al. 2011; O. Y. Bang et al. 2007; Delgado et al. 2012; Katan et al. 2014; Mocco et al. 2001; Suwanwela et al. 2006; Yip et al. 2006)
Lacunar stroke	Proteins (tested in independent studies)	Homocysteine, vWF, D-dimer, PAI-1, CRP, IL-6, TNF-α	Variable sample sizes	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	(Wiseman et al. 2014)
Cervical artery dissection	Protein	Fibrillin-1	214 IS (99 with cervical artery dissection), 20 controls	≥ 88.5 ng/mL	N/A	78	80	(Zhu et al. 2018)