. 2019 Sep 3;9:12684. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-49205-x

Table 4.

Associations between controls and breast cancers in brewed coffee and instant coffee consumption.

Variables	Controls (N = 1 013)	Cases (N = 1 156)	Crude OR (95% CI)^bc	Adjusted OR (95% CI)^cd
Brewed coffee	59 (5.8)	26 (2.2)	1.00^a	1.00^a
Instant coffee	113 (11.2)	182 (15.7)	2.55 (1.52–4.28)	2.77 (1.49–5.13)

^aThe reference group was defined as the participants who have habitual brewed coffee consumption.

^bUsing brewed coffee as reference group and no other variables were adjusted in the model.

^cParticipants who drank both instant coffee and brewed coffee were excluded in the logistic regression models. ^dAdjusted for age at interview, educational attainment, family breast cancer history, previous history of benign breast diseases, body mass index (BMI), shift work experiences, smoking status, alcohol and tea drinking consumption, and deep fried food and green vegetable consumption.