Table 6.
Association between controls and breast cancers in coffee products consumption stratified by menopausal statusa.
| Characteristics | Pre-menopausal | Post-menopausal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control n = 341 | All cases n = 388 | Adjusted ORbcd (95% CI) | Control n = 616 | All cases n = 695 | Adjusted ORbcd (95% CI) | |
| Coffee drinking, n (%) | 67 (19.6) | 78 (20.1) | 1.00 (0.65–1.54) | 106 (17.2) | 149 (21.4) | 1.15 (0.83–1.60) |
| Instant coffee | 42 (12.3) | 60 (15.5) | 1.44 (0.86–2.44) | 67 (10.9) | 114 (16.4) | 1.52 (1.03–2.25) |
| Two/Three in one | 3 (0.9) | 13 (3.4) | 5.37 (1.14–25.38) | 12 (1.9) | 23 (3.3) | 1.82 (0.79–4.17) |
| Brewed coffee | 24 (7.0) | 18 (4.6) | 0.51 (0.21–1.19) | 34 (5.5) | 23 (3.3) | 0.40 (0.20–0.83) |
| Homemade coffee | 9 (2.6) | 6 (1.5) | 0.61 (0.13–2.91) | 15 (2.4) | 19 (2.7) | 0.75 (0.31–1.84) |
| Restaurant coffee | 15 (4.4) | 11 (2.8) | 0.48 (0.17–1.30) | 21 (3.4) | 4 (0.6) | 0.13 (0.04–0.49) |
| Otherse | 8 (2.3) | 8 (2.1) | 0.72 (0.25–2.11) | 10 (1.6) | 18 (2.6) | 1.41 (0.57–3.47) |
aParticipants with missing values were excluded from the analysis.
bThe reference group was defined as the participants who did not have a habitual coffee consumption (i.e., coffee drinking vs. non-coffee drinking; instant coffee drinking vs. non- coffee drinking).
cParticipants who drank both instant coffee and brewed coffee were excluded in the logistic regression models. dAdjusted for age at interview, educational attainment, family breast cancer history, previous history of benign breast diseases, body mass index (BMI), shift work experiences, smoking status, alcohol and tea drinking consumption, and deep fried food and green vegetable consumption.
eOther coffee referred to those who drank decaffeinated coffee or had no preferable coffee products.