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. 2019 Sep 3;10:3974. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-11911-5

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Mannose receptor-targeted mRNA nanoparticles efficiently transfect M2 macrophages. a Design of macrophage-targeted polymeric NPs formulated with mRNAs encoding key regulators of macrophage polarization. The particles consist of a PbAE-mRNA polyplex core coated with a layer of PGA-Di-mannose, which targets the particles to mannose receptors (CD206) expressed by M2-like macrophages. Also depicted is the synthetic mRNA encapsulated in the NP, which is engineered to encode the reprogramming transcription factors. b Transmission electron microscopy of a population of NPs (scale bar 200 nm) and a single NP (inset, scale bar 50 nm). c Size distributions, measured using a NanoSight NS300 instrument. d, e Gene-transfer efficiencies into bone marrow-derived macrophages measured by flow cytometry 24 h after nanoparticle transfection. N = 5 biologically independent samples. f Relative viability of NP-transfected and untransfected macrophages (assessed by staining with Annexin V and PI). N.S., non-significant. N = 5 biologically independent samples. g Expression kinetics of codon-optimized IRF5 mRNA (blue, left Y axis) and endogenous IRF5 mRNA (black, right Y axis) measured by qRT-PCR, n = 3 biologically independent samples for each time point. Shown are mean values ± SD. h Serial quantitative ELISA measurements of IRF5 protein (mean values ± SD, n = 3)