Fig. 9.

Macrophage reprogramming improves the outcome of radiotherapy in glioma. a T2 MRI scan, and histological staining following initiation of a PDGFβ-driven glioma in RCAS-PDGF-B/Nestin-Tv-a; Ink4a/Arf−/−; Pten−/− transgenic mice on post-induction day 21. b Confocal microscopy of CD68+ TAMs infiltrating the glioma margin. Scale bar 300 µm. c Flow cytometry analysis of macrophage (F4/80+, CD11b+) populations in healthy brain tissue versus glioma. d, e Kaplan–Meier survival curves of mice with established gliomas receiving IRF5/IKKβ treatments as a monotherapy (d) or combined with brain tumor radiotherapy (e). Time lines and dosing regimens are shown on top. Ms, median survival. Statistical analysis was performed using the log-rank test, and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. N = 5 biologically independent animals. f Sequential bioluminescence imaging of tumor progression