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(a) Schematic illustration and (b) image of the operation system for a p-DMF device. Reproduced with permission from the authors of [27]. Copyright 2017 IEEE. (c) A p-DMF chip actuating a droplet by using the operation system. Reproduced with permission from the authors of [28]. Copyright 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
