Table 1.

Mechanisms of actions of antiviral AMPs.

AMP Family	Target	Proposed Mechanism of Action	References
Defensins	HAdV	Direct interaction with virions; reduction of cell trafficking; direct binding to cell receptor blocking entry (HS); inhibition of protein kinase C signaling; release inhibition of viral components from endosomes; decrease in proinflammatory cytokine production.	[8,10,13,16,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41]
	HIV
	HSV
	RSV
	HPV
Cathelicidin (LL-37)	HIV	Direct interaction with virions; Increase in type I IFN expression; decrease in proinflammatory cytokine production.	[9,11,37,41,43,44,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,70,163]
	DENV
	RSV
	HRV
	VACV
	HSV
	ZIKV
	HCV
	VEEV
Transferrin	RSV	Direct interaction with virions; inhibition of viral attachment/absorption; delay in viral protein synthesis; Inhibition of cellular trafficking; direct binding to cell receptor blocking entry (HS and DC-SIGN).	[71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,164]
	IAV
	HPIV
	HAdV
	HSV
	HCV
	HBV
	HIV
	Hantavirus
	HPV
	Rotavirus
	JEV
	SFV
	SINV
	DENV
Eosinophil proteins	RSV	Direct interaction with virions	[119,120,121,122,123,124]
	HV
AMPS from Immune cells	HSV	Direct interaction with virions; increase in type I IFN expression	[125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135]
	HIV
Hepcidin	HBV	Sequester iron from pathogens	[136,137,138,139,140,141]
	HCV
	HIV
Antimicrobial Neuropeptides	HIV	Inhibition of NF-kB and cytokine production	[142,143,144,145,146]