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. 2019 Aug 6;11(8):1312. doi: 10.3390/polym11081312

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Polymer volume fraction Φ_p in swollen (a) PS and (b) P2VP films with an initial thickness of ~40 nm versus normalized partial vapor pressure P/P₀ of chloroform at indicated temperatures. Data points were measured at T_v/T_s of 19 °C/20 °C (black squares), 14 °C/20 °C (blue hollow triangles), and 19 °C/25 °C (red hollow circles), respectively. Dashed curves are calculated fits according to Equation (2) with a fixed polymer–solvent interaction parameter χ (a) 0.13 (green), 0.68 (red), and 0.41 (black), and (b) −0.51 (green), 0.39 (red), and 0.02 (black). (c) Polymer–solvent interaction parameter c as a function of polymer volume fraction Φ_p of PS (blue hollow triangles) and P2VP (red hollow circles) ~40 nm thick films in chloroform vapor with step wise increasing partial vapor pressure.