Table 1.
Candidate and established biomarkers of acute lung injury.
| Pathophysiological Entity for Biomarker | Biomarker | Established and Validated | Clinical Use Potential | Implemented Broadly | Included in This Review |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alveolar damage (Pneumocytes type I and II) | SPD | Yes | Risk stratification in mechanically ventilated patients | No | Yes |
| s-RAGE | (yes) | ? | No | Yes | |
| KL-6 | (yes) | ? | No | Yes | |
| FGF-7 | No | No | No | No | |
| Airway (conductive) damage | CC16 | Yes | Possibly not in acute lung injury | No | Yes |
| Endothelial | VEGF | Yes | + | No | No |
| Gelsolin | (yes) * | ? | No | Yes | |
| sTM | (yes) | - | No | No | |
| Syndecan-1 | No | - | No | No | |
| Inflammation/Infection | PCT | Yes | Antibiotic reduction | Yes | Yes |
| Eosinophilic granulocyte | Yes | Reduction of corticosteroid use | Yes | Yes | |
| IL-1β | Yes | No | No | No | |
| TNFα | Yes | No | No | No | |
| Mitochondrial DNA | No | Yes—possibly | No | No |
SPD: surfactant protein D; s-RAGE: soluble receptor for advanced glycation end-products (sRAGE); KL-6: Krebs von Lungen-6; FGF-7: fibroblast growth factor-7; CC16: club cell secretory protein 16; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; sTM: soluble thrombomodulin; PCT: procalcitonin; IL-1β: interleukin-1β; TNFα. * only one large study.