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. 2019 Aug 2;11(8):452. doi: 10.3390/toxins11080452

Table A3.

Mycotoxins concentrations (µg/kg) in poultry feed samples from South Africa.

Sample No. # * Province 15ACDON 3ACDON DON α-ZEL ZEN β-ZEL FB1 FB2 FB3 T-2 HT-2 AFB1 AFB2 AFG1 AFG2 AME
117 L KZN ND 0.5 11 6.8 148.4 0.8 38.7 1.1 0.9 2.5 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.4 0.7 97.3
52 G NW ND 0.6 23.1 2.7 1.4 2.4 1127.7 25.2 23.1 1.8 4.2 0.1 0.4 0.1 ND 0.7
33 G WC ND 2.4 17.8 3 1.6 13.9 5039.7 116 113.1 0.7 3.3 0.3 0.1 0.4 ND 0.6
120 R GP 2.5 3.6 92.2 7.3 148 1.4 508.4 10.5 9.8 4.8 1.9 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.5 29.2
103 R GP ND 2.2 41.5 1.4 1.6 2 3904.7 70.5 69.3 6.2 0.7 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.3 29.5
112 L KZN 5.9 0.4 9.2 2.9 31.2 1.2 794.6 12.8 11.6 2.2 0.9 0.3 0.1 1.3 0.7 23.1
34 F WC 9.3 3.8 86.6 1.4 0.5 11.9 4364.9 98.6 93.6 1 2.6 ND 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.8
104 G KZN 4.7 2.5 49 4.3 100.7 1.4 272.5 6 5.9 3.7 1.5 0.5 0.1 0.4 0.6 44.8
28 R WC 2.6 0.4 28.6 13 7.3 1.4 1486.1 30.1 28.5 2.3 1.4 0.1 0.2 0.3 ND 1
67 F GP ND 1.7 17.2 2.9 34.7 3 174.5 3.7 3.3 3.8 1.7 0.4 0.1 0.2 1.3 41.5
19 R WC 7.5 2.3 16.4 7.8 156.7 0.8 81.8 2.8 2.2 1.5 1 0.1 0.2 3.1 1 37.8
113 G GP 4.9 0.3 18.9 5.4 49.7 0.9 101.4 2.3 2 0.7 1.2 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.1 28.3
140 R GP 8.2 2 54.3 2.2 57.5 2.6 2699.4 55.9 58.2 1.6 1.5 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.4 53.8
53 R NW 2.5 0.4 82.7 6 127.7 1.5 3507.3 80.7 74.4 3.7 1.1 0.1 0.4 0.5 0.3 11.8
38 S EC 11.8 7.4 75.8 5.3 0.9 2.1 100 2.9 2.9 2.6 3.1 ND 0.1 0.3 0.3 1.8
13 R WC ND 2.2 24.9 7.6 8.2 1.2 1849.1 38.9 34.5 3.2 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.5 1.5
43 G KZN ND 0.6 7.3 1.6 0.2 10.8 1208.9 33 30.7 2.1 4.2 0.5 0.3 0.3 ND 1.6
36 B EC 3 0.3 656 5.2 347 1.8 496.8 13.8 13.3 3.7 1.8 0.1 0.2 5.2 ND 9.5
94 B KZN 12.4 0.2 ND 8.8 18.2 12.1 2025.2 32.1 30.3 3.5 0.7 0.1 0.2 0.8 0.6 26.0
137 R GP ND 0.7 15 10.1 113.7 0.8 630.6 14.1 13.4 0.2 0.5 0.0 0.2 3 0.3 27.7
21 S WC 2.2 1.7 37.5 2.4 2.5 8.2 5234 103.5 104.4 14 3.1 0.1 1.2 ND ND 0.5
69 F GP 2.4 0.9 38.6 8.7 12.8 0.6 1316.0 26.9 26.1 4.2 3.2 0.1 2 0.3 0.6 71.1
116 G KZN 24.6 1.1 81.4 8.5 108.2 1.2 116.4 2.6 3 2.1 0.9 0.9 0.1 0.2 0.8 44.2
105 R GP 20.9 1.2 154 5.6 125.3 4 638.9 16.8 14.3 2.6 1.5 0.2 0.1 0.6 0.7 42
16 R WC ND 1.4 13.3 3 0.1 1.9 1342.3 27 25.7 4.8 2.2 ND 0.1 0.1 ND 0.8
40 S KZN 3.1 0.3 22 6 188.1 0.6 3019.6 61.9 61.4 2.6 4.1 0.2 0.6 0.5 0.2 17.1
31 G WC ND 0.2 19.2 4.2 1.6 12.1 4983.7 110.5 100.3 9.2 4.2 0.1 0.5 ND 0.4 0.6
76 R GP 6.4 0.8 25.5 5.4 89.1 10.9 168.4 3.8 0.9 2.5 0.6 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.7 93.6
128 F GP 6.2 2.9 54.1 7.6 101.5 1.2 290.2 5.3 5.1 0.7 1.7 0.1 0.4 0.6 1 34.4
98 B NW 4 0.3 13.6 2.4 50.3 1.3 642.8 11.5 10.1 0.9 0.6 ND 0.1 1.3 1.6 22.8
27 R WC ND 2.2 19.9 2.1 15.5 1.9 903.4 21 4.8 0.5 3.5 0.2 0.6 0.1 0.3 0.96
55 F NW ND 0.1 84.7 3 5.3 2.8 2339.5 45.7 11.5 5.4 0.3 ND 0.3 0.1 ND 2.8
119 S GP 5.3 4.7 147.8 20 107.2 1.4 861.5 17.6 16.7 3.5 3.1 0.3 0.1 0.6 1.1 9.8
143 B KZN 17.5 0.5 27.8 7.4 119.5 1.3 375.5 8 2.3 10.4 1.3 0.5 0.1 0.2 1.3 155.5
50 G GP 3.2 0.3 42.4 1.3 136 0.6 202.6 4.8 1 3.2 1.4 0.3 0.2 0.4 ND 15.5
126 R GP 4.7 0.9 12.1 2.8 91.1 1.5 45.7 1.4 0.3 4.4 2.2 0.4 0.2 1.2 0.3 30.5
142 S KZN 16 2.3 31.4 5.5 37.8 4.9 307.1 4 0.8 1 0.8 0.1 0.1 0.8 1.2 25.9
118 R GP ND 0.8 9.9 3.6 53.6 1.9 3735.5 72 20.3 2.8 2.4 0.1 0.2 1 0.2 7.4
73 R GP ND 2.1 99.8 8.2 8.7 7.3 2070.4 47.9 11.3 0.1 2.3 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.6 1.5
133 F GP 2.7 0.6 42 17.3 33.6 1.4 98.9 2.1 0.3 4.5 2.4 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.8 15.9
57 R KZN ND 2.1 33.5 1.1 111.2 2 198.6 3.7 0.9 3.1 1.3 0.2 1 0.2 0.1 15.8
15 R WC ND 2.7 59.2 0.8 22.8 17.8 4223.2 83.6 22.7 5.8 5.8 0.1 1.1 0.3 ND 1
29 G WC ND 1.3 28.5 3.9 10.8 8.5 4911.1 107.5 29.5 3.5 2.5 ND 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.9
35 F WC ND 2.8 67.1 5.2 1.1 12.1 4376.2 106.8 31.1 2.3 4.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 ND 1.3
138 R GP 6.1 0.8 56.7 7.9 117.4 0.5 1292.4 27.2 5.5 3.2 1.9 0.2 0.1 0.6 0.7 17.5
121 R GP 6.6 0.9 10.2 13.2 199.6 1.5 1528.7 30.7 8.7 8.2 1.7 0.5 0.1 3 0.4 30.7
132 R GP 2.9 4.3 88 3 3 3.8 961.2 19.3 4.9 0.9 2.3 0.2 5.2 0.2 0.2 0.5
102 L KZN 7.7 0.3 13.5 7.5 26.6 1 980.8 21.2 4.9 3.6 0.8 0.2 0.1 0.7 0.2 24.1
95 G NW ND 3 39.8 6.1 10.2 9.6 1570.6 32.3 9.6 0.8 4 0.2 0.1 0.1 ND 3.1
101 G KZN 18.4 0.4 37 6.5 106.5 0.4 395.1 7.9 8.1 1.5 1.1 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.2 42.6
123 R GP 7.7 0.4 11.1 1.9 80.8 2.4 114.6 2.7 0.3 1.7 1.8 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.2 13.2
111 L KZN 11.2 1.5 4.3 12.2 48.9 1.3 44.9 0.7 0.1 0.9 2.9 0.3 0.2 1.5 0.9 32.7
48 R GP ND 0.2 10.8 7.4 121.8 1.3 299.4 4.4 3.2 4.8 2 0.2 0.1 0.7 0.2 13.9
77 R GP 3.6 3.4 75.3 4.3 130.6 3.8 733.9 11.6 10.4 5.9 0.8 0.3 0.1 0.8 0.2 29.4
97 F NW ND 0.7 14.1 3.2 24.7 2 2616.3 48.2 44.4 5.5 3.1 ND 0.2 0.2 ND 4.4
110 R GP ND 2.4 58.7 4.4 7.9 1.5 1092.6 14.9 14.4 1.3 2.8 0.3 7.1 0.1 0.7 4.1
25 R WC ND 1.7 45.2 3.2 0.6 22.1 7125.3 125.1 115.1 1.2 3.3 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.8
23 B WC ND 4.5 17.5 5.1 11.9 3.8 2846.6 31.9 29.1 1.3 0.9 0.2 0.2 0.4 ND 0.6
108 L KZN ND 0.3 18.9 1.2 31.1 4.7 403.7 9.6 8.3 1 2.3 0.2 0.02 0.9 0.3 37.3
107 B KZN ND 0.2 32.8 3 62.5 0.6 1591 22 19.1 8.3 1.8 0.2 0.1 0.5 0.2 33.8
78 G GP ND 0.2 10.1 4.9 102.9 0.6 39.1 1 0.8 1.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 1.9 0.3 31.6
124 R GP ND 0.1 15.7 0.7 39.5 1.4 272.5 4.4 4.4 6.4 5.9 0.1 0.1 0.8 ND 2.9
63 R GP ND 0.1 23.6 1.2 47.9 0.3 1636.7 21.4 19 1.0 2.7 0.1 0.1 0.9 0.3 83.4
139 S KZN 5.1 0.5 42.7 11.5 25.8 0.4 1203.6 15.9 14.8 5.3 1.1 0.3 3.4 0.7 0.4 10
81 R GP 6.6 0.9 23.2 7.2 136 0.4 147.7 3.9 3.6 0.4 2.3 0.1 0.9 1.2 0.7 60.6
62 B GP 8.2 0.4 47.4 9.6 176 0.8 45.2 1.1 0.3 15.3 1.7 0.2 0.8 0.5 0.3 39.8
75 B GP 2.5 1.5 34 8 259.4 0.6 1611.8 33.7 31.1 1 0.8 0.3 0.1 1.9 0.4 38.3
74 R GP 2.7 0.2 28.9 5.3 141.7 1.4 1356.8 22.9 22.3 1.7 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 25.4
24 R WC 5 1.5 39.8 5.5 10.9 1.6 1333 22.2 19.7 5.9 1.9 0.1 0.1 0.2 ND 0.3
115 B GP ND 0.4 65.8 14.8 41.4 0.8 844.8 13.3 12.1 4.5 1.1 0.2 0.7 0.1 0.2 17.2
79 R GP 41.9 2.7 50.4 10.2 195.9 0.8 146.3 2.1 0.1 0.9 2.6 0.2 0.1 1.4 1.2 32.7
96 B NW 30.5 0.7 42.3 11.4 141.1 1.8 1009.4 18.4 0.1 1.9 0.4 0.3 0.2 1.1 0.3 54.7
44 L KZN 7.5 2.0 9.6 6.3 34.2 3.5 678.6 14.7 13.1 0.6 1.1 0.2 0.1 1 0.3 9.8
136 R GP 17.4 0.7 8.3 3.7 102.6 1.2 927.9 14.6 12.8 1.3 1 0.3 0.1 0.6 0.6 47.4
106 G KZN 7.9 1.5 41.1 5.5 78.3 1.5 703.4 11.4 10.3 0.5 2 0.3 0.0 0.6 ND 33.7
37 L EC ND 3.6 49.8 6.7 1 11 66.5 1.4 1.5 3.4 2.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.7 1.1
42 G KZN ND ND 2.5 0.8 2.4 10.1 2587.5 54.3 50.9 0.7 2.8 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.2 1.6
32 F WC ND 2.5 49.3 2.5 5.7 11.9 6220.3 123.1 112.8 5.9 4.2 0.1 0.3 0.3 ND 2.4
80 R GP 4.4 1.3 21.4 13.8 244.3 4.3 82.7 1.6 0.1 0.8 1 0.2 0.1 1.2 0.4 32
70 B GP ND 0.4 71.3 9.5 6.4 0.3 3640.1 54.6 50.3 6.4 1.7 0.5 0.1 0.4 0.3 1.4
22 R WC ND 1.7 20.5 1.2 26.9 9.8 4953.7 88.9 77.8 1.1 3.9 0.1 0.1 ND ND 52.2
141 R GP 2.7 0.2 36.2 0.6 93.3 0.2 2932.7 48.1 44 2.5 2.6 0.5 2.8 0.7 0.6 5.4
100 B KZN 25.5 0.4 36 2.1 81.1 3.7 818.2 12.7 12 4.0 0.7 0.4 0.2 1.8 0.1 37
45 F KZN ND 2 11.8 0.7 1.1 13.8 703.3 14.8 13.4 2.1 4.2 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.6 1.7
39 G EC ND 0.8 19.1 4.3 93.8 1.1 142 2.6 2.1 11.1 1.2 0.2 0.3 0.9 0.2 70.1
56 R NW ND 3.4 30.5 2.8 3.7 1.5 1542.6 30.2 28.5 0.8 3.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 ND 49.8
59 G NW 6.8 1.9 48.5 2.2 187.1 1.3 1317.8 23 19.4 1.5 1.9 0.2 0.3 2.5 0.1 4.3
49 R GP ND 3.5 42.5 0.7 7.9 4.5 3316.3 61.5 57.1 1.2 0.8 0.1 0.1 0.7 ND 1.6
58 R NW ND ND 4.2 3.4 1 1.9 1732.5 34.1 32 4.2 1.4 0.1 0.2 0.1 ND 1.6
66 B GP 7.2 1 8.7 2.7 69.4 1.3 2805.3 46.5 47.8 1 1.4 0.2 0.3 1 0.6 17.7
92 L KZN 3.6 0.8 5.9 6.1 19.3 1.3 872.9 15.3 13.6 3.1 1.2 0.1 0.2 0.4 1.6 20.9
130 R GP 5.1 1.7 30.5 5.1 137.5 1.4 135.2 4.1 3.9 4.1 1.2 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.7 40.9
60 B NW ND 2.1 31.9 1.4 0.6 2.1 741 16.6 12.7 2.8 0.9 0.1 0.1 0.2 ND 1.3
41 F KZN ND 2.3 18.4 4.5 0.2 18 1069.5 20.7 18.8 1.4 1.5 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.9
93 G KZN 11.7 1 42.9 3 83.3 1.3 1509.2 18.7 17.6 4.4 1.4 0.2 0.2 1 1 38.6
135 G KZN 1.7 0.2 23.9 3.9 51.4 2.3 2436.3 37.8 32.7 1 1.7 0.1 0.2 1 0.4 37.5
99 R GP 11.8 0.3 4.4 5.3 109.5 1.4 256.9 5.3 3.5 0.4 2.8 0.1 0.1 0.8 0.2 22.3
51 R GP 3.2 1.6 35.7 3.7 429 0.9 1420.5 3.9 3.3 2.7 3.3 0.1 0.1 2.5 0.2 14
65 R GP 6.3 1.6 45.2 10.6 123.2 3.2 247.8 3.9 3.5 3.6 1.5 0.1 0.2 1.1 0.2 20.8
122 R GP 2.6 2.4 48.4 8.2 102.4 3.3 175 3.2 3.1 0.4 1.6 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.3 37.6
127 R GP 27 0.5 97.1 8.6 129.2 2.9 1232.7 25.1 20.9 1.4 0.9 0.1 0.7 0.7 0.4 18.7
54 R NW 10.1 12.9 137.8 4.4 0.4 9.3 1510.8 24.8 20.7 1.7 2.8 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.9
47 S EC ND 2.3 18.8 2.8 23.8 5.7 227.6 3.7 3.6 0.6 0.6 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 2.4
64 R GP 22.9 0.9 10.5 3 84.5 4 2614.4 41.6 36.7 2.7 0.8 0.1 0.6 1.5 1.0 15.6
114 B KZN 9.3 0.9 5.9 9.7 45.2 4.1 598.3 11.8 10 1.5 1.9 0.1 0.2 1.4 1.4 18
Minimum 1.7 0.1 2.5 0.6 0.1 0.2 38.7 0.7 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.02 0.1 0.1 0.3
Maximum 41.9 12.9 154 20 429 22.1 7125.3 125.1 115.1 15.3 5.9 0.9 7.1 5.2 1.6 155.5
Mean 9 1.6 37.8 5.4 71.2 3.8 1075.6 28.5 22.2 3.1 2 0.2 0.4 0.7 0.5 23.1
Median 6.3 1 31 4.9 48.9 1.8 703.3 17.6 12.8 2.5 1.7 0.2 0.1 0.5 0.4 17.5
Std Dev 8.1 1.7 30.2 3.8 76.2 4.5 1322.7 31.2 27.2 2.8 1.2 0.1 1 0.8 0.4 25.1
%RSD 8 1.7 30 3.8 75.8 4.4 1314.5 31.1 27.1 2.8 1.2 0.1 0.9 0.8 0.4 25

* Provinces: (KZN: KwaZulu-Natal Province, NW: North West, WC: Western Cape, EC: Eastern Cape, GP: Gauteng Province). 3-ADON: 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 15-ADON: 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, DON: Deoxynivalenol, α-ZEL: α-zearalenol, ZEN: Zearalenone, β-ZEL: β-zearalenol, FB1: fumonisin B1, FB2: fumonisin B2, FB3: fumonisin FB3, T-2: T-2 toxin, HT-2: HT-2 toxin, AFB1: aflatoxins B1, AFB2: aflatoxin B2, AFG1: aflatoxin G1, AFG2: aflatoxin G2, AME: alternariol monomethyl ether, #: total number of feeds = 105 (S: Starters (7), G: Grower (18), F: Finisher (11), B: Breeders (15), L: Layer (8), R: Farmix (46)), ND: not detected.