Table 1.

Commonly used therapeutic radionuclides and their radiochemical characteristics.

Radionuclide	Abbreviation	Emission	Half-Life	Energymax (keV)	Travel Distance	Characteristics of Radiation Class
Actinium-225	225Ac	Alpha/beta−/gamma	9.92 days	7.069	50–100 μm	+ Short range, high energy
Astatine-211	211At	Alpha	7.20 h	5.867	50–100 μm	+ Double stranded DNA breakage
Bismuth-213	213Bi	Alpha/gamma	46 min	6.051	50–100 μm	+ Oxygen independent
Lead-212	212Pb	Alpha/beta−/gamma	10.64 h	8.785	50–100 μm	− No crossfire
Iodine-131	131I	Beta−/gamma	8.02 days	606	200 µm–1 mm	+ Crossfire effect
Lutetium-177	177Lu	Beta−/gamma	6.68 days	498	230 µm	− Oxygen dependent
Rhenium-188	188Re	Beta−/gamma	16.98 h	2.110	11 mm	− Long range, low energy
Yttrium-90	90Y	Beta−	2.67 days	2.280	12 mm	− Single stranded DNA breakage
Indium-111	111In	Auger/gamma	2.8 days	245	4 nm	+ Very short range
Iodine-125	125I	Auger/gamma	59.49 days	35	2 nm	− Necessary to be internalized