Figure 1.

A schematic illustration of the haptoglobin sensing concept using cross-linked gold nanoparticles (GNPs) for enhanced chemiluminescence (eCL). The hemoglobin-modified plate specifically reacts with inherent haptoglobin content in milk. The subsequent protein–protein (hemoglobin–haptoglobin) complex hinders the catalytic activity of hemoglobin in proportion to inherent haptoglobin concentration. Reduced quantity of target molecules can be amplified by the addition of cross-linked GNPs onto the luminol mixture to intensify the emitted radiation for highly sensitive detection of the acute phase molecules.