Table 5.

Ochratoxin A incidence of wine contamination and concentrations measured in wine from previous studies.

Country	No. of Samples	Vintages	Contaminated Samples (%)	LOD (µg/L)	Range (µg/L)	Mean (µg/L)	Median (µg/L)	Analytical Procedure	Reference
Slovakia	39	2005	31	0.011	<LOD–0.463	-	-	IAC HPLC FLD	[43]
Moravia	46	2003–2009	11	0.0003	<LOD–0.071	-	-	IAC UPLC FLD	[44]
Hungary	65	2000–2002	97.7	0.01	0.01–0.533	0.110	-	Immunoassay	[45]
Croatia	14	2002–2003	79	0.010	<LOD–0.047	0.022	0.022	IAC HPLC FLD	[25]
Croatia	10	2007	80	0.005	<LOD–0.021	0.015	0.015	IAC HPLC FLD	[26]
Croatia	-	2004–2008	100	0.00032	0.00036–0.061	0.0188	0.00765	IAC HPLC FLD	[34]
France	49	2002–2005	96	0.01	<LOD–1.218	-	-	IAC HPLC FLD	[47]
France	-	2006–2009	91.7	0.00032	<LOD–0.088	0.0336	0.00356	IAC HPLC FLD	[34]
Portugal	60	-	20	1 (LOQ)	<LOQ–2.4	-	-	Direct injection HPLC FLD	[48]
Spain	100	1995–2008	57	0.002	<LOD–0.179	0.035	-	IAC HPLC FLD	[56]
Spain	188	2002–2005	99	0.01	<LOD–4.63	0.65	0.19	IAC HPLC FLD	[47]
Spain	-	2006–2009	100	0.00032	0.00105–0.104	0.0372	0.0251	IAC HPLC FLD	[34]
Greece	150	1999–2006	69.4	0.01	<LOD–2.00	0.26	0.10	IAC HPLC FLD	[49]
Greece	-	2003–2007	100	0.00032	0.00435–0.212	0.0594	0.0317	IAC HPLC FLD	[34]
Greece	60	2007–2009	86.7	0.01	<LOD–2.52	0.38	0.10	IAC HPLC FLD	[50]
Italy	1166	1988–2004	64.32	0.01	<LOD–7.5	0.28	0.07	IAC HPLC FLD	[51]
Italy	1206	2000–2007	68	0.0072	<LOD–2.63	0.116	-	IAC HPLC FLD	[52]
Italy	-	2005–2008	100	0.00032	0.00518–0.286	0.0539	0.020	IAC HPLC FLD	[34]
Turkey	95	-	86	0.006	<LOD–0.815	-	-	IAC HPLC FLD	[53]
Turkey	47	1999–2001	100	0.01	0.02–2.23	0.419	-	SPE clean up HPLC FLD	[54]
Turkey	25	1987–2005	100	0.052	0.25–7.96	2.55	-	Direct injection HPLC FLD	[55]
Turkey	-	2003–2007	100	0.00032	0.00291–0.101	0.0311	0.0205	IAC HPLC FLD	[34]

LOD—limit of detection; LOQ—limit of quantitation; IAC—immunoaffinity column clean up; SPE—solid phase extraction; FLD—fluorescence detection.