Table 1.

Carotenoid production from various microorganisms through fermentation in cheese whey (CW).

Microorganism	Supplementation of CW Medium	Composition of Total Carotenoids	Concentration (mg/L)	Yield (mg/g) 1	Reference
Blakeslea trispora ATCC 14271 & ATCC 14272	Tween 80, Span 80, β-ionone	β-carotene, γ-carotene, lycopene	1620.0	222.0	[76]
Blakeslea trispora ATCC 14271 & ATCC 14272	Tween 80, Span 80, β-ionone	β-carotene, γ-carotene, lycopene	1360.0	175.0	[83]
Blakeslea trispora ATCC 14271 & ATCC 14272	Tween 80, Span 80, vegetable oils	β-carotene, γ-carotene, lycopene	~672.0	16.0	[82]
Blakeslea trispora ATCC 14271 & ATCC 14272	Tween 80, Span 80, vegetable oils, antioxidants and other nutrients	β-carotene	350.0	11.6	[84]
Blakeslea trispora ATCC 14271 &ATCC 14272	Tween 80, Span 80, vegetable oils	N.S. 2	376.0	8.0	[85]
Mucor azygosporus MTCC 414	Soluble starch	β-carotene	3.5	0.38	[86]
Rhodotorula mucilaginosa NRRL 2502		N.S. 2	70.0	29.2	[80]
Rhodotorula mucilaginosa CCY 20-7-31		β-carotene	11.3	0.38	[87]
Rhodotorula glutinis CCY 20-2-26		β-carotene	51.2	1.48	[87]
Rhodotorula rubra GED5 co-culture with Kluyveromyces lactis MP11		Torularhodin, β-carotene, torulene	10.2	0.42	[88]
Rhodotorula glutinis 22P co-culture with Lactobacillus helveticus		β-carotene, torularhodin, torulene	8.09	0.27	[89]
Rhodotorula rubra GED8 co-culture with Lactobacillus bulbaricus, Streptococcus thermophilus		β-carotene, torulene, torularhodin	13.1	0.50	[90]
Sporidiobolus salmonicor CBS 2636		N.S. 2	0.91	0.25	[91]
Sporobolomyces roseus CCY 19-4-8		β-carotene	29.4	2.89	[87]
Dietzia natronolimnaea HS-1		canthaxanthin (2.87 mg/L)	3.06	~0.9	[77]

¹ Yield expressed as milligrams of carotenoids per gram of dried biomass; ² N.S.: Not specified.